Love and Forgiveness in Governance: The Idea (Detailed Version)
What is Love and Forgiveness in Governance?
This article provides a summary of preliminary definitions surrounding the concepts of love and forgiveness in governance. The purpose of this is to enable an understanding of the concept based on academic literature. A more inclusive definition of the concepts from a perspective of practical application will be explored through an interactive website that is currently being developed and managed by a team of experts from the School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution at George Mason University, Beyond Intractability and the Fetzer Institute. The definitions of the key words; 'love', 'forgiveness' and 'governance' are summarized below:
Definition of Love
A twentieth century most notable researcher on scientific study of love, Pitirim Sorokin noted that "love is an iceberg: only small parts of it is visible and even this visible part is little known" (Sorokin, 1954)[1]. Sorokin's contribution to the study of love was exemplary; he inspired a lot of people to carry on further research on love (Oord, 2005).[2] However, scientific studies on love were neglected for the later part of twentieth century. At the turn of the twenty-first century, organized research on love from the perspective that integrated science, religion and philosophy emerged with funding from John E. Fetzer and John Templeton Foundation, scholars from diverse disciplines gathered at the Massachusetts Institute for Technology (MIT) Boston, to deliberate together on issues and challenges that arise when studying love, including finding an appropriate definition for love.[3]
In-spite of the developments in the scientific study of love, there is no consensus definition of love in literature. Anne E. Beall and Robert J. Sternberg (1995) noted that love is difficult to define in part because it includes a large set of behaviors, attitude and feelings[4]. The difficulty in finding appropriate definition for love prompted theologian Edwark Clark to observe that "most philosophical and theological writing does not analyze what love is, but rather assumes it has evident meaning"[5]. Beall A.E and Sternberg R.J. (1995) argued that love is socially constructed[6]. There is not one particular reality that is simultaneously experienced by all people (Berger and Luckmann, 1980)[7]. The fundamental question that was asked by Beall and sternberg is: Why does love differ across time periods and culture? He concluded by noting that it is difficult, if not impossible to answer the question: "what is love?" and that the definition of love must most take into account the time period, place and culture[8].
Ralph Waldo Emerson, in "Love from Essays: First Series (1841)"[9] used three popular quotes from great thinkers to describe love: Isaac Newton described love as "The tendency for objects to be attracted to one another". Albert Einstein says that love is "Power over which one has no control". William Shakespeare described Love as "Something that is blind". Charles Darwin described love as "Something that keeps itself alive today and its genes alive tomorrow"[10]. Other phrases that have been variously used to describe love are: to care about person more than you care for yourself, unconditional mutual acceptance, patience and understanding, the perfect union of two souls, etc.
The concept of love from Christianity and Muslim perspectives emphasized the need for love for God, neighbors and oneself. Biblically, the greatest commandment of God is "Love the Lord your God...and love your neighbor as your- self" (Matt. 22:34-40, Mk. 12:28-34, Luke 10:25-28). Beck Richard in the book Love in the Laboratory: Moving from Theology to Research described the greatest commandment of God as "Love Triangle: The Foci of Self, Others and God"[11]. The book of Corinthians was regarded as the love chapter in the bible. According to 1 Cor 13:4-8, "Love is patient, love is kind, and is not jealous; love does not brag and is not arrogant, does not act unbecomingly; it does not seek its own, is not provoked, does not take into account a wrong suffered, does not rejoice in unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth; bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things, Love never fails".
The concept of love in Quran was linked to the etymological root of the word 'hubb' ('love'), which comes from the word 'habb' ('seed'), thus implying a seed falls into the ground, grows, then brings forth a new and beautiful plant (Igbal, M. 2010) [12]. According to Igbal, God makes this clear in the Holy Qur'an with His words: the likeness of those who expend wealth in the way of God is as the likeness of a grain ('habb') that sprouts seven ears, in every ear a hundred grains; so God multiplies for whom He will; and God is Embracing[13]. The Quran described four types of love. The fist type of love is the love for Allah (God). The second type of love is the love of Holy Prophet Muhammad. The third type of love is human love; it means that the Muslim has to love his other fellow men regardless of their ethnic, linguistic or cultural background. This includes love of neighbors, colleagues, relatives and even strangers. The fourth type of love is the love between a man and a woman; Islam views that as marital love and leads the couple to have a peaceful and happy family life, which is the core of the Muslim society.
Taking the various concepts and definitions of the word love together, the Webster dictionary defines love as "having a strong liking or desire for someone or something". This definition of love emphasizes passionate affection, sexual infatuation, feelings of attachment, and concern for other people; a strong predilection for certain activities and objects; and intimate ties with God.[14] The words that were used synonymous with love include: affection, attachment, devotedness, devotion, fondness and passion. However, in this study, I agree with the overarching definition of love by Thomas Jay Oord: "To love is to act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote overall well-being" (Oord, T.J. 2005)[15]. He referred to the word intentionally to emphasize three aspects of love: deliberateness, motive, and self-determination. He used 'in sympathetic response' to others to indicate that love requires actual relations with others. 'To promote overall well-being' relates to health, happiness, wholeness, and flourishing.[16] This definition captured the major crosscutting ideas of love from the various definitions.
Definition of Forgiveness
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines to forgive as: "to give up resentment of or claim to requital for., to grant relief from payment of ..., to cease to feel resentment against..."[17]. However, despite the succinct explanation above, and a wide range of research that exists focusing on forgiveness, there is still lack of a "consensual definition".[18] This notion is further elaborated upon by Joseph Butler as he warns against the use of cognates that surround forgiveness, and tries to create some type of demarcation in its definition: "neither the standard definition of forgiveness nor the many philosophical accounts of it attempt to carefully distinguish between forgiveness and the various cognates often associated with it, such as pardoning, excusing, and tolerating or otherwise endorsing wrongs".[19]
In Christianity, the act of forgiveness is also often synonymous with the act of showing mercy, or pardon. It is defined by several sources as a key facet in the relationship between the follower and God, particularly in the follower's ability to be a better Christian and lead a life more in line with their religion. It is stated, "For if you forgive men for their transgressions, your heavenly Father will also forgive you. But if you do not forgive men, then your Father will not forgive your transgressions (Matthew 6:14-15)".[20]
Within Islam, much like Christianity, the concept of forgiveness in the Qur'an is expressed in three terms, (1) 'afw, (2) safhu, and (3) ghafara. 'Afw means to pardon, to excuse for a fault or an offense or a discourtesy, waiver of punishment and amnesty...Safhu means to turn away from a sin or a misdeed, ignore, etc...Ghafara or maghfira means to cover, to forgive and to remit.[21] Similar to Christianity, the act of forgiveness in Islam seems to allow a person to receive forgiveness from Allah for their sins and to lead a proper and happy life. The Jewish tradition also defines forgiveness similarly. "The ultimate theological basis for forgiveness is that God himself is forgiving, and so we (those that follow the Jewish faith), must be so as well".[22]
Forgiveness has long been referenced as well as studied by scholars. Considering the breadth of social sciences and its development over the years into individualized branches (i.e: psychology, sociology, philosophy, political science, religious studies, etc.), the ability to fully cover the varying views on the definition, as well as philosophical definition of forgiveness, is impossible within the preliminary nature of this document. However certain institutions and sources can highlighted.
The International Forgiveness Institute defined forgiveness as, "when unjustly hurt by another, we forgive when we overcome the resentment toward the offender, not by denying our right to the resentment, but instead by trying to offer the compassion, benevolence, and love; as we give these, we as forgivers realize that the offender does not necessarily have a right to such gifts".[23] The Stanford University's project on forgiveness focuses more on determining the positive health benefits that can result from the act of forgiving, states that forgiving can "improve cardiovascular function, diminish chronic pain, relieve depression and boost quality of life among the very ill".[24] Lastly, most often within the academic framework, the term forgiveness is referenced or used in relation to grade or academic performance, such as giving students a "fresh start" in reference to their grade point average.[25]
Within the private sector, the definition of forgiveness falls mainly within the realm of forgiving a debt, particularly in reference to loans. However there are studies and literature that speaks to the role of forgiveness and its effect on organizational improvement; in particular the claim that forgiveness is an essential component to success in the workplace and that it can lead to higher productivity.[26] Although there seems to be an increase in attention paid towards the role of forgiveness in the office or organizational environment, it seems that many organizations still lack the necessary mechanisms in order to deal with this seemingly important component.
Lastly, the Fetzer Institute summarized the various definitions by different scholars, religious and other disciplines and noted that "Forgiveness is a conscious, willful choice to turn away from the pain, hurt, resentment, and wish for revenge that arises from a betrayal, offense, injustice, or deep hurt. Forgiveness involves a willingness to see the transgression and transgressor in a larger context and to replace negative feelings with compassion and tolerance."[27]
Definition of Governance
The concept of governance is as old as human civilization and has been used in several contexts i.e. local governance, national governance, regional governance, international governance, international governance etc. Francis Fukuyama defined governance, "as a government's ability to make and enforce rules, and to deliver services, regardless of whether that government is democratic or subject to the rule of law"[28]. This definition of governance excludes the degree to which governments are either democratic or subject to a rule of law that constrains the executive. Fukuyama argued that it seems obvious that countries can be better or worse governed regardless of whether they are liberal democracies or not.[29]
The World Bank's PRSP Handbook defines governance as the way "... power is exercised through a country's economic, political, and social institution institutions." [30] The UNDP defines governance as "The exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a country's affairs at all levels. It comprises mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations, and mediate their differences." "The traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised" Kaufman et al.[31]
In some academic literatures, government has been used synonymous to governance, but Reconciliation Australia underlined that governance is not the same thing as 'government' or 'management'. Governance is concerned with how decisions are made, decisions related to achieving important goals, maintaining valued relationship and providing accountability and feedback. Governance is about people, how they organize themselves as a group to manage their own affairs and achieve the things that matter to them.
Hughes (2010) noted that over the last several decades, governance has been given multiple meanings and special significance beyond the standard dictionary definition.[32] A broad dictionary definition that allows for conceptual application of governance to micro and macro levels by paraphrasing dictionary meanings defines governance as "the action or manner of governing — that is, of directing, guiding, or regulating individuals, organizations, or nations in conduct or actions" (Lynn, 2010).[33] Hughes (2010) combines the Latin word gubernare and dictionary meanings into a working definition where governance is "about running organizations, about steering as in the original derivation, how to organize, and how to set procedures for an organization to be run"[34]. But there are other useful phrases that provide insight of what governance is about including: "ordered rule" and "collective action or decision making" (Milward & Provan, 2000), "all patterns of rule" whether formal or informal (Bevir, 2010).[35]
The overarching definition of governance, according to the United Nations Economic and Social Commissions for Asia and Pacific's (UNESCAP) definition is "the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)"[36]. UNESCAP also noted that irrespective of the context that governance is used, good governance entails that institution and processes serve stakeholders by adopting the following characteristics: participatory, follows the rule of law, accountable, transparent, equitable and inclusive, effective and efficient responsive and consensus oriented.
What is Love and Forgiveness in Governance?
In conclusion, to love is "to act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote overall well-being" (Oord, T.J. 2005), to forgive is "a conscious, willful choice to turn away from the pain, hurt, resentment, and wish for revenge that arises from a betrayal, offense, injustice, or deep hurt. Forgiveness involves a willingness to see the transgression and transgressor in a larger context and to replace negative feelings with compassion and tolerance" (Fetzer Institute), and governance is "the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented" (UNESCAP).
Put together, the phrase love and forgiveness in governance refers to how leaders utilize love and forgiveness principles in making decisions on how to resolve conflicts. The Fetzer Institute's mission is "to foster awareness of the power of love and forgiveness in the emerging global community".[37] Fetzer noted that, "forgiveness can be transformative, a process that further extends the healing power of love".[38] Governance as used in this context can be considered as an authority over which love and forgiveness are exercised. The importance of love and forgiveness in governance was amply captured in the overall goal of the love and forgiveness in a governance project "to create an interactive online environment, where practitioners can recognize, learn from and contribute to the work of government and governance leaders, who build aspects of love and forgiveness into their conflict resolution and peace building work".
[1]Ali, Dr. M. Amir. "Forgiveness". The Institute of Islamic Information and Education, n.d. http://www.hawaiiforgivenessproject.org/library/Forgiveness-in-Islam.pdf.
Beall, Anne E., and Robert J. Sternberg. "The Social Construction of Love." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 12, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 417-438.
Beck, Richard. "Love in the Laboratory: Moving from Theology to Research." Journal of Psychology & Christianity 31, no. 2 (Summer 2012): 167-174.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Open Road Media, 2011.
Chabot, Sean. "Love and Revolution." Critical Sociology 34, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 803-828.
Deffinbaugh, Bob. "Bible.org." The Fundamentals of Forgiveness (Genesis 45: 1-28), 2012. http://bible.org/seriespage/fundamentals-forgiveness-genesis-451-28.
Enright, Dr. Robert. "Forgiveness Defined", June 16, 2012. http://www.internationalforgiveness.com/data/uploaded/files/Forgiveness%20Defined%20-%20Revised.pdf.
Fetzer Institute. "Conversations About Forgiveness: Facilitator Guide", 2007. http://www.fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/resources/attachment/2012-07-12/forgiveness_facilitator.pdf.
"Governance - What Is Governance?", n.d. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/EXTMNAREGTOPGOVERNANCE/0,,contentMDK:20513159~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:497024,00.html.
Healy, Melissa. "Forgive and Be Well?" Los Angeles Times, December 31, 2007. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/31/health/he-forgiveness31.
Huffington Post. "Academic Forgiveness Programs Help Eliminate Troublesome GPAs." Huffington Post, November 22, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/22/academic-forgiveness-prog_n_735180.html.
Hughes, Paul M. "Forgiveness." Edited by Edward N. Zalta. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/forgiveness/.
Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Love in the Holy Quran." Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies 5, no. 3 (July 2012): 358-360.
Lawler-Row, Kathleen, Cynthia A. Scott, Rachel Raines, Meirav Edlis-Matityahou, and Erin Moore. "The Varieties of Forgiveness Experience: Working Toward a Comprehensive Definition of Forgiveness." Journal of Religion & Health 46, no. 2 (June 2007): 233-248.
"Love by RW Emerson", n.d. http://www.carnaval.com/emerson/.
Madsen, Susan R., Janice Gygi, Scott C. Hammond, and Suzanne F. Plowman. "Forgiveness as a Workplace Intervention: The Literature and a Proposed Framework." Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management (January 1, 2009). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1641393441.html.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. "Forgive." Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2012. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forgive.
Oord, Thomas Jay. "THE LOVE RACKET: DEFINING LOVE AND AGAPEFOR THE LOVE-AND-SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM." Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science 40, no. 4 (December 2005): 919-938.
Robichau, Robbie Waters. "The Mosaic of Governance: Creating a Picture with Definitions, Theories, and Debates." Policy Studies Journal 39 (Apr2011 Supplement): 113-131.
"UNESCAP | What Is Good Governance?", n.d. http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp.
"What Is Governance? | Francis Fukuyama", n.d. http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/fukuyama/2012/01/31/what-is-governance/.
[2] Thomas Jay Oord, "THE LOVE RACKET: DEFINING LOVE AND AGAPEFOR THE LOVE-AND-SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM," Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science 40, no. 4 (December 2005): 919-938.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Anne E. Beall and Robert J. Sternberg, "The Social Construction of Love," Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 12, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 417-438.
[5] Oord, "THE LOVE RACKET."
[6] Beall and Sternberg, "The Social Construction of Love."
[7] Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (Open Road Media, 2011).
[8] Beall and Sternberg, "The Social Construction of Love."
[9] "Love by RW Emerson", n.d., http://www.carnaval.com/emerson/.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Richard Beck, "Love in the Laboratory: Moving from Theology to Research," Journal of Psychology & Christianity 31, no. 2 (Summer 2012): 167-174.
[12] Muzaffar Iqbal, "Love in the Holy Quran," Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies 5, no. 3 (July 2012): 358-360.
[13] Ibid.
[14] Sean Chabot, "Love and Revolution," Critical Sociology 34, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 803-828.
[15] Oord, "THE LOVE RACKET."
[16] Ibid.
[17] Merriam-Webster Dictionary, "Forgive," Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2012, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forgive.
[18] Kathleen Lawler-Row et al., "The Varieties of Forgiveness Experience: Working Toward a Comprehensive Definition of Forgiveness," Journal of Religion & Health 46, no. 2 (June 2007): 233-248.
[19] Paul M. Hughes, "Forgiveness," ed. Edward N. Zalta, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/forgiveness/.
[20] Bob Deffinbaugh, "Bible.org," The Fundamentals of Forgiveness (Genesis 45: 1-28), 2012, http://bible.org/seriespage/fundamentals-forgiveness-genesis-451-28.
[21] Dr. M. Amir Ali, "Forgiveness" (The Institute of Islamic Information and Education, n.d.), http://www.hawaiiforgivenessproject.org/library/Forgiveness-in-Islam.pdf.
[22] Ibid.
[23] Dr. Robert Enright, "Forgiveness Defined", June 16, 2012, http://www.internationalforgiveness.com/data/uploaded/files/Forgiveness%20Defined%20-%20Revised.pdf.
[24] Melissa Healy, "Forgive and Be Well?," Los Angeles Times, December 31, 2007, http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/31/health/he-forgiveness31.
[25] Huffington Post, "Academic Forgiveness Programs Help Eliminate Troublesome GPAs," Huffington Post, November 22, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/22/academic-forgiveness-prog_n_735180.html.
[26] Susan R. Madsen et al., "Forgiveness as a Workplace Intervention: The Literature and a Proposed Framework," Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management (January 1, 2009), http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1641393441.html.
[27] Fetzer Institute, "Conversations About Forgiveness: Facilitator Guide", 2007, http://www.fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/resources/attachment/2012-07-12/forgiveness_facilitator.pdf.
[28] "What Is Governance.pdf", n.d., http://fukuyama.stanford.edu/files/What%20Is%20Governance.pdf.
[29] "What Is Governance? | Francis Fukuyama", n.d., http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/fukuyama/2012/01/31/what-is-governance/.
[30] "Governance - What Is Governance?", n.d., http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/EXTMNAREGTOPGOVERNANCE/0,,contentMDK:20513159~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:497024,00.html.
[31] Ibid.
[33] Ibid.
[34] Ibid.
[35] Ibid.
[36] "UNESCAP | What Is Good Governance?", n.d., http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp.
[37] Fetzer Institute, "Conversations About Forgiveness: Facilitator Guide."
[38] Fetzer Institute, "Conversations About Forgiveness: Facilitator Guide."
Bibliography
Ali, Dr. M. Amir. "Forgiveness". The Institute of Islamic Information and Education, n.d. http://www.hawaiiforgivenessproject.org/library/Forgiveness-in-Islam.pdf.
Beall, Anne E., and Robert J. Sternberg. "The Social Construction of Love." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 12, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 417-438.
Beck, Richard. "Love in the Laboratory: Moving from Theology to Research." Journal of Psychology & Christianity 31, no. 2 (Summer 2012): 167-174.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Open Road Media, 2011.
Chabot, Sean. "Love and Revolution." Critical Sociology 34, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 803-828.
Deffinbaugh, Bob. "Bible.org." The Fundamentals of Forgiveness (Genesis 45: 1-28), 2012. http://bible.org/seriespage/fundamentals-forgiveness-genesis-451-28.
Enright, Dr. Robert. "Forgiveness Defined", June 16, 2012. http://www.internationalforgiveness.com/data/uploaded/files/Forgiveness%20Defined%20-%20Revised.pdf.
Fetzer Institute. "Conversations About Forgiveness: Facilitator Guide", 2007. http://www.fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/resources/attachment/2012-07-12/forgiveness_facilitator.pdf.
"Governance - What Is Governance?", n.d. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/EXTMNAREGTOPGOVERNANCE/0,,contentMDK:20513159~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:497024,00.html.
Healy, Melissa. "Forgive and Be Well?" Los Angeles Times, December 31, 2007. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/31/health/he-forgiveness31.
Huffington Post. "Academic Forgiveness Programs Help Eliminate Troublesome GPAs." Huffington Post, November 22, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/22/academic-forgiveness-prog_n_735180.html.
Hughes, Paul M. "Forgiveness." Edited by Edward N. Zalta. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/forgiveness/.
Iqbal, Muzaffar. "Love in the Holy Quran." Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies 5, no. 3 (July 2012): 358-360.
Lawler-Row, Kathleen, Cynthia A. Scott, Rachel Raines, Meirav Edlis-Matityahou, and Erin Moore. "The Varieties of Forgiveness Experience: Working Toward a Comprehensive Definition of Forgiveness." Journal of Religion & Health 46, no. 2 (June 2007): 233-248.
"Love by RW Emerson", n.d. http://www.carnaval.com/emerson/.
Madsen, Susan R., Janice Gygi, Scott C. Hammond, and Suzanne F. Plowman. "Forgiveness as a Workplace Intervention: The Literature and a Proposed Framework." Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management (January 1, 2009). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1641393441.html.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. "Forgive." Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2012. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forgive.
Oord, Thomas Jay. "THE LOVE RACKET: DEFINING LOVE AND AGAPEFOR THE LOVE-AND-SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM." Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science 40, no. 4 (December 2005): 919-938.
Robichau, Robbie Waters. "The Mosaic of Governance: Creating a Picture with Definitions, Theories, and Debates." Policy Studies Journal 39 (Apr2011 Supplement): 113-131.
"UNESCAP | What Is Good Governance?", n.d. http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp.
"What Is Governance? | Francis Fukuyama", n.d. http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/fukuyama/2012/01/31/what-is-governance/.
