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Within-Party Differences: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Within-Party Differences.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Offline (Print) Sources
Kriesberg, Louis. "Adopting Conflict Strategies." In Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, April 1, 1998. Pages: 123-150. This chapter discusses the numerous factors that play into what strategy an adversarial party adopts as its apporach to dealing with a conflict. The four primary factors that affect a group's conflict strategy are: 1) its goals; (2) the characteristics of each adversary; (3) the relations between the adversaries; and (4) their environment. Primary Link [Backup Link] Lewicki, Roy J., David Saunders and John Minton. "Multiparty Negotiations: Coalitions and Groups." In Negotiation, 3rd Edition. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin-McGraw Hill, 1999. Pages: 315-335. The first part of this chapter focuses on how parties may ally into coalitions in order to achieve their own individual objectives. It includes several different definitions of coalition, a look at various types of coalitions, research findings on the dynamics of coalition formation and successful coalitions, as well as practical advice on how to form coalitions. Part of forming a coalition is inevitably negotiating differences between the coalitions consituent individuals and/or groups. Primary Link Siqueira, Kevin. "Political and Militant Wings within Dissident Movements and Organizations ." Journal Of Conflict Resolution 49:2, 2005. Abstract: A model is developed to provide a basis for investigating the nature of faction behavior and the interrelationships between factions and between factions and their supporters under conditions of competition and cooperation. A general finding of the study illustrates the fact that when factions act competitively and independently of one another, the results do not necessarily lead to increased dissident activity and violence when compared to the case when factions act jointly and coordinate their actions. For example, when faction activities generate positive externalities and are strategic complements, competition and the independent behavior of factions lead to decreased levels of dissident activity. The model can also be used to derive implications for various types of counterterrorism policies when a government faces independently acting groups within a dissident movement. Susskind, Lawrence and Jeffrey Cruikshank. "Representation in Consensual Processes." In Breaking the Impasse: Consensual Approaches to Resolving Public Disputes. New York: Basic Books, January 1, 1987. Pages: 101-108. This section of Breaking the Impasse specifically discuss issues surrounding stakeholder representation in consensus building processes. The authors discuss the necessity of making sure all relevant stakeholders are represented at the negotiating table. In addition, they consider various strategies for choosing appropriate spokespeople to represent the interested stakeholder groups. Primary Link Stedman, Stephen John. "Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes." International Security 22:2, January 1, 1997. This article discusses the important issue of spoilers, or extreme parties that purposely do whatever they can to disrupt peacemaking processes for fear of losing power. This study begins to develop a typological theory of spoiler management. The goal is to identify strategies that spoilers may potentially use. In addition, the research intends to outline strategies that policymakers and negotiators can use to diagnose the type of spoiler and effectively deal with them in order to keep peace processes on track. Gray, Barbara. "Stakeholder Legitimacy." In Collaborating: Finding Common Ground for Multiparty Problems. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1989. Pages: 66-70. This section of Collaborating looks at the process of identifying legitimate stakeholders to include in a collaborative decision making process. The author discusses disputes over legitimacy and the problem of keeping the negotiating group at a manageable size, which demands the careful selection of stakeholder representatives. There is also a section on the issue of representatives maintaining legitimacy in the eyes of their constituents. Primary Link Ould Abdallah, Ahmedou. "Stakeholders and Owners." In Peacebuilding: A Field Guide. Edited by Reychler, Luc and Thania Paffenholz, eds. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reiner Publishers, January 1, 2001. The discussion in this chapter concentrates on strategies for resolving situations of violent civil conflict. The author emphasizes the importance of involving the most powerful leaders or representatives of stakeholder groups in peacebuilding decision-making processes, including extremists.
Examples Illustrating this Topic:
Offline (Print) Sources
Laws, David. "Representation of Stakeholding Interests." In The Consensus Building Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to Reaching Agreement. Edited by Susskind, Lawrence, Sarah McKearnan and Jennifer Thomas-Larmer, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999. This article analyzes the issue of ensuring proper representation of stakeholder interests in consensus building processes. Using a theoretical frame as well as practical examples to demonstrate his points, the author focuses heavily on the tension between the demands of the negotiating table and those of adhering to the wishes of the constituency that representatives must deal with.
Audiovisual Materials on this Topic:
Offline (Print) Sources
A. Philip Randolph: For Jobs and Freedom . Directed and/or Produced by: James, Dante. California Newsreel. 1996. This film documents what transpired during the U.S. civil rights movement. It focuses on a moderate civil rights leader who helped to bridge party differences in the quest for equal access to education, jobs, and other important resources. Primary Link [Backup Link] |
