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Settlement Stage: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Settlement Stage.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Online (Web) Sources
Glaser, Tanya. "Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement and Resolution - Book Summary." University of Colorado: Conflict Research Consortium. Available at: Link This summary outlines John Buron and Frank Dukes' book, Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement and Resolution. The work describes different types of conflicts and different approaches to conflict management, matching the different types of conflict with the most appropriate management process. Democracy and Deep Rooted Conflict: 5.1 - Introduction: Sustaining the Democratic Settlement. IDEA. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] In order for a peace agreement to endure, the overriding determinant is the extent to which the parties to the conflict continue to be motivated to avoid a return to bloodshed. If the parties are motivated to avoid this worst outcome, the settlement is more likely to hold; if any one of them thinks that violence will reap greater rewards than playing the democratic game, the settlement will fail. Democracy offers an alternative model for managing conflicts, but it is not perfect. Glaser, Tanya. "Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement - Book Summary." University of Colorado: Conflict Research Consortium, 1900. Available at: Link This is a summary of the book Social Conflict, by Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim. In the work, the authors describe how people engage in social conflicts. The authors describe the sources of conflict, identify five basic conflict strategies, and explore processes of conflict escalation and resolution. (This summary refers to the first edition of the book.)
Offline (Print) Sources
Hoddie, Matthew and Caroline Hartzell. "Civil War Settlements and the Implementation of Military Power-Sharing Arrangements." Journal of Peace Research 40:3, May 2003. This article considers the role that the implementation of peace agreements has on the prospects for fostering a durable peace following the negotiated resolution of civil wars. Focusing on the 16 peace agreements between 1980 and 1996 that have included provisions for the sharing or dividing of military power among former combatants, the authors find that the complete implementation of this aspect of settlements significantly improves the prospects for maintaining peace. They suggest that this proves to be the case because of the important and credible signals of conciliatory intent among former enemies that are made through the process of implementation. They find that implementation serves as a concrete signal of a genuine commitment to peace as signatories to an agreement prove willing to endure the costs associated with both compromising their original war aims and withstanding potential challenges from within their own groups. Based on these results, the authors offer policy recommendations focusing on the role that third-party actors and aid donors might play in facilitating the successful implementation of negotiated peace agreements. - Abstract Primary Link [Backup Link] Burton, John W. and E. Frank Dukes. Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement, and Resolution . New York: St. Martin's Press, October 1990. Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement, and Resolution describes different types of conflicts and different approaches to conflict management. It attempts to match the different types of conflict with the most appropriate management process. This work includes some very influential definitions of key terms in the field of conflict resolution . Primary Link Hartzell, Caroline. "Explaining the Stability of Negotiated Settlements to Intrastate Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 43:1, January 1, 1999. "Although the majority of civil wars end when one warring party achieves a victory over the other, negotiated agreements are growing more common as a means of ending intrastate conflict. To explain why some negotiated settlements prove stable and others do not, scholars have examined the impact of factors such as superpower conflict, group identities, and third-party guarantors. This article argues that those negotiated settlements that are the most extensively institutionalized--that is, that provide institutional guarantees for the security threats antagonists face as they move toward a situation of centralized state power--are the ones most likely to prove stable. An analysis of all settlements negotiated to end intrastate conflicts during the period between 1945 and 1997 supports this proposition."--abstract Merrills, J.G. International Dispute Settlement, 3rd Ed.. Cambridge University Press, 1999. This book is an updated edition covering the peaceful settlement of international disputes. Specifically included in this new edition is trade disputes with reference to the World Trade Organization. Bercovitch, Jacob. "International Mediation and Dispute Settlement: Evaluating the Conditions for Successful Mediation." Negotiation Journal 7:1, January 1, 1991. This article focuses on international mediation and highlights, through an original data set, the determinants of successful mediation in international relations. Hampson, Fen Osler. Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, August 1996. This work is based on the idea that peace settlements do not execute themselves. It is argued that the agreements that "work" are those that are continuously nuutured by sustained third-party leadership, mediation, problem solving, and peace building. The basic idea is that when key external actors remain angaged in the peace process over time, settlements have a better chance of succeeding. Licklider, Roy. "Obstacles to Peace Settlements." In Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, July 1, 2001. Discusses why combatants in civil wars have increasingly sought political solutions, but also why achieving it is difficult. It outlines what role third parties can play in producing an enduring settlement. Haass, Richard N. "Ripeness and the Settlement of International Disputes." Survival 30:3, 1988. Rothchild, Donald S. "Settlement Terms and Postagreement Stability." In Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Edited by Rothchild, Donald S., Stephen John Stedman and Elizabeth M. Cousens, eds. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, January 1, 2002. Rothchild focuses on key differences between elites and the masses, and groups and individuals as decisive factors in the success of peace agreements. He argues that peace agreements have to acknowledge the security concerns that vary between these levels and scopes and provide security provisions that answer all of them. Pruitt, Dean G., Jeffrey Z. Rubin and Sung Hee Kim. Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement, 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw Hill College Division, January 1, 1994. This work explores the dynamics of conflict escalation, focusing on tactical considerations of conflict strategies and their potential outcomes. Primary Link Walter, Barbara. "The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement." International Organization 51:3, 1997. Walter presents the basic problem of civil war termination in terms of "cooperation under anarchy." According to her argument interstate conflicts are easier to resolve because anarchy sets natural limits to the peace. No cooperation is needed besides the basic cessation of hostilities. Contra interstate wars, intrastate wars require deep levels of cooperation, high degrees of trust, and the ability to monitor acquiescence all of which are expensive goods. Werner, Suzanne. "The Precarious Nature of Peace: Resolving the Issues, Enforcing the Settlement, and Renegotiating the Terms." American Journal of Political Science 43:3, January 1, 1999. This article identifies three explanations for postwar instability and the failure of peace agreements and tests hypotheses derived from each perspective. The three explanations revolve around: (1) failure to resolve the issues in dispute; (2) the problem of enforcement; and (3) spoilers' incentives to renegotiate the terms of the settlement. Collier, John G. and Vaughan Lowe. The Settlement of Disputes in International Law: Institutions and Procedures. Oxford University Press, October 1, 1999. "This book surveys the range of procedures for the settlement of international disputes, whether the disputes arise between States or between States and corporations or individuals. It examines non-judicial procedures such as negotiation, mediation, fact-finding, as well as judicial procedures. The emerging principles of procedural law applied in these tribunals are also discussed." -Oxford Primary Link [Backup Link]
Examples Illustrating this Topic:
Online (Web) Sources
Bayer, Resat. "Lord Carrington's Mediation of the Rhodesian Settlement: Zimbabwe's Second Chimurenga Concludes." Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, Vol. 1, No. 4 , November 1998 Available at: http://www.trinstitute.org/ojpcr/1-4bayer.htm [Backup Link] This article includes a chronological history of the conflict in Rhodesia and discussion of the negotiations that led to the settlement of the conflict. Then the author goes on to analyze the role of the mediator in these negotiations and the characteristics of the process in Rhodesia. Maresca, John J. War in the Caucasus: A Proposal for Settlement of the Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. United States Institute of Peace (USIP). Available at: http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/early/caucasus.html [Backup Link] This report presents a proposal for a political settlement of the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Maresca's proposal--while of special interest to experts directly concerned with the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh--is intended to engage a wider audience more generally concerned with the U.S. role in international preventive diplomacy, humanitarian intervention, and conflict resolution.
Offline (Print) Sources
Lloyd, Robert B. "Conflict Resolution or Transformation? An Analysis of the South African and Mozambican Political Settlements." International Negotiation: A Journal of Theory and Practice 6:3, 2001. This article argues that a political settlement must satisfy the combatants' expectations regarding the resolution of the causes of the conflict. How deeply do these causes need to be resolved for the parties to be satisfied? To answer this question two concepts are introduced: the immediate and underlying causes of a conflict. This article examines the political settlements in South Africa and Mozambique that terminated armed hostilities, overcame the conflict, and opened the door to normal politics. Schwarzer, Gudrun. "The Peaceful Settlement of Interstate Conflict: Saar, Austria and Berlin." Journal of Peace Research 35:6, 1998. "An integrative process model of conflict settlement is developed and compared in the cases of three conflicts. The basic idea is that conflict settlement should be understood as a process unfolding in two steps, each of which needs to be explained. The first step is 'getting to the table' (negotiation), the second step is 'getting to yes' (agreement)." --Sage Publications |
