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Send by emailStereotypes / Characterization Frames: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Stereotypes / Characterization Frames.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts: Online (Web) Sources Stereotype-Breaking Actions. Available at: http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/treatment/stereobk.htm [Backup Link] Unrealistic and overly hostile stereotypes can often be broken or at least limited when a party unexpectedly takes some type of conciliatory action which would have been unthinkable had the stereotype been true. Sometimes called "disarming" moves (though they have nothing to do with military disarmament), these are actions that are surprisingly reasonable. They help break down negative stereotypes as they prove that the enemy is actually reasonable and likable. Stereotyping. MIT. Available at: http://cognet.mit.edu/library/erefs/mitecs/dovidio.html [Backup Link] This is the definition of stereotyping from the MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Steele, Claude M. "Thin Ice: "Stereotype Threat" and Black College Students." , 1900 Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/199908/student-stereotype [Backup Link] This paper talks about a study conducted to see how sterotypes force blacks college students to perform as well as their white counterparts. Offline (Print) Sources Breslin, J. William. "Breaking Away from Subtle Biases." Negotiation Theory and Practice , 1991. This article discusses the subtle stereotypes negotiators from different cultures often hold of each other, how this can harm negotiations, and how such biases can be effectively dealt with to improve relationships and increase negotiation success. Primary Link [Backup Link] Heyman, Richard. "Differences That Make a Difference: Talking Across Stereotypes." In Why Didn't You Say That in the First Place?: How to be Understood at Work. Edited by Heyman, Richard, ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, September 1994. This chapter explores the difference between necessary generalizations and destructive stereotypes, and explains how people must be dealt with as individuals, not as members of groups with assumed characteristics, to avoid misunderstanding. Stein, Janice Gross. "Image, Identity and Conflict Resolution." In Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996. Stein argues that enemy images play an important role in perpetuating and intensifying conflict. Structural accounts of conflict do not recognize the importance of enemy images and stereotypes. Stein turns to social psychology to describe how enemy images form, and how they can be changed. Primary Link [Backup Link] Examples Illustrating this Topic: Online (Web) Sources Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. "100 Years of Anti-Arab and Anti-Muslim Stereotyping." , 1900 Available at: http://www.ibiblio.org/prism/jan98/anti-arab.html [Backup Link] This article by Mazin B. Qumsiyeh, director of Media Relations for the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee-NC., describes how Arabs have been and are, stereotyped in TV and other media. It lists resources that addresses this problem. Shaheen, Jack G. Arab and Muslim Stereotyping in American Popular Culture. Available at: http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/shj01/ [Backup Link] This article observes the way Arabs and Muslims are portrayed in American popular culture, and its effects. An overview and analysis of selected portraits, with particular attention to the images generated in reports of the 1991 Gulf War, the 1993 World Trade Center explosion, the 1995 bombing in Oklahoma City and the 1996 crash of Trans World Airlines Flight 800, are presented in this paper. Bryan, Catherine A. "Cartoons Still Stereotype Gender Roles." , Available at: http://www.apa.org/releases/cartoon.html [Backup Link] This article shows how sexual equality still has a far way to come by analyzing the stereotyped roles illustrated in cartoons. Thorene, Kari. "Compassionate Listening." YES! A Journal of Positive Futures , Available at: http://www.newconversations.net/listening01.htm [Backup Link] This article outlines ways to create sustainable peace, where people can come together after long conflicts, illustrating the Palestine-Isreal conflict. Meehan, Maureen. Israeli Textbooks and Children's Literature Promote Racism and Hatred Toward Palestinians and Arabs. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Available at: http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0999/9909019.html [Backup Link] The author suggests that negative stereotyping, dehumanization, and the portrayal of enemy images are the rule rather than the exception in Israeli textbooks. Melting Pot?. PBS (Public Broadcasting System). November 12, 1997. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/gergen/november97/shipler-11-12.html [Backup Link] In the second of a three-part series on race relations, David Gergen, editor-at-large of U.S. News & World Report, talks with David Shipler, author of A Country of Strangers: Blacks and Whites in America. They discuss the Clinton Adinistration's puch for a national dialogue on race and related issues. Jandali, Ameena. "Muslims in the U.S. Deal with Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Muslims." , Available at: http://www.cahro.org/html/muslims2.html [Backup Link] This article, from the Newsletter of the California Association of Human Rights Organizations describes U.S. stereotypes of Muslims their sources, and their impacts. (Note: This piece was written before September 11). Offline (Print) Sources Shipler, David. A Country of Strangers: Blacks and Whites in America. New York: Vintage Books, September 1998. Shipler, a long-time New York Times reporter, spent five years traveling across the United States, interviewing ordinary citizens to profile in this book on race relations in the U.S. How do blacks see whites, and vice versa? How deep do the stereotypes run? What is the burden of history that both races carry? The author explores the many aspects of race--interracial marriage, multiracial children; lingering prejudice and discrimination, affirmative action, and relations between different minority groups, for example blacks and Jews; blacks and Koreans. While it illustrates lingering problems and challenges, the book has many positive stories too of the thousands of people of both races, working daily to make a difference. Fiebig-Von Hase, Ragnhild, ed. Enemy Images in American History. Berghahn Books, July 1998. This work examines the creation of enemy images in American society, a society composed entirely of "others". The work covers the period from the American Revolution to the post-World War II era, focusing on the question of how enemy images influence the development and implementation of foreign, domestic and immigration policies. Desivilya, Helena Syna. "Jewish-Arab Coexistence in Israel: The Role of Joint Professional Teams." Journal of Peace Research 35:4, July 1, 1998. "This study sought to evaluate the success of professional coexistence between Jewish and Arab citizens in Israel, as reflected in joint medical teams, and to explore the generalizibility of coexistence within the teams into mutual national images." --Sage Publications Bordewich, Fergus M. Killing the White Man's Indian:Reinventing Native Americans at the End of the Twentieth Century. Anchor, May 1997. This book compares historical and current stereotypes of Native Americans and how they impact Native American culture and politics. Audiovisual Materials on this Topic: Offline (Print) Sources Black to the Promised Land . Directed and/or Produced by: Ali, Madeline. First Run Icarus Films. 1994. This film examines stereotypes and inter-cultural communications as it follows inner-city African-American teenagers to Israel, where they spend three months working on a Kibbutz. Primary Link [Backup Link] Blacks and Jews . Directed and/or Produced by: Snitow, Alan and Deborah Kaufman. California Newsreel. 1997. Blacks and Jews: A Documentary Film produced by Alan Snitow, Deborah Kaufman and Bari Scott, distributed by California Newsreel. Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun Times movie reviewer calls it "provocative and absorbing... Blacks and Jews will undermine stereotypes, inspire discussion, and help repair a wrongly damaged relationship." Primary Link [Backup Link] Caught in the Crossfire. Directed and/or Produced by: Van Taylor, David and Brad Lichtenstein. First Run Icarus Films. 2002. This film examines issues of identity and stereotyping as it follows three Arab-Americans around in post-9/11, New York. Primary Link [Backup Link] Ethnic Notions. Directed and/or Produced by: Riggs, Marlon. California Newsreel. 1987. This documentary film maps out how dehumanizing racial stereotypes were used in the US to justify racial discriminatory practices. Primary Link [Backup Link] Palestinian Portraits. Directed and/or Produced by: de Bagno, Simone. First Run Icarus Films. 1987. In the hope of breaking down prejudicial assumptions and stereotypes, this film depicts the lives of Palestinians living in the US. Primary Link [Backup Link] Skin Deep: Building Diverse Campus Communities . Directed and/or Produced by: Reid, Frances. California Newsreel. 1995. In this film, a diverse group of US college students talk about cultural identity in terms of stereotyping and in terms of their own racial and ethnic prejudices. Primary Link [Backup Link] Teaching Materials on this Topic: Online (Web) Sources "Cultural Diversity in the Classrooms." , 1900 Available at: http://education.indiana.edu/cas/tt/v2i2/cultural.html [Backup Link] This article suggests steps teachers can take to promote cultural diversity in the classroom. It also has an exercise that can help the reader assess their knowledge of cultural diversity and their beliefs in some common myths and stereotypes that relate to various cultural and ethnic groups by asking such questions as "What myths or stereotypes do you hold?"; "How might these affect your teaching?"; "What do you need to do to be more sensitive in the classroom?" Tolerance.org. Available at: http://www.tolerance.org/ [Backup Link] This is an exceptionally useful and extensive website on tolerance. It has exercises visitors can take to examine your own biases, to "deconstruct" biased language and examine history. Different sets of materials are provided for teachers, parents, and children. While focused primarily on race relations in the United States, many of the materials are applicable elsewhere as well. |
