Process Frames: Additional Resources

These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Process Frames.

Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:

Online (Web) Sources

Treating Framing Problems.
Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link]
This page lists and defines several framing strategies that can be used to determine what a conflict is about and how it is being addressed.

Offline (Print) Sources

Hocker, Joyce and William Wilmot. "Conflict Tactics." In Interpersonal Conflict. Edited by Hocker, Joyce and William W. Wilmot, eds.
The authors discuss some of the strategic choices available to conflicting parties. Parties are more likely to strategize, that is, plan, in the face of difficult conflicts. Parties may strategize in advance of a conflict. They may revise their strategy during the course of the conflict. And they may engage in retrospective strategizing as they review a past conflict. Primary Link

Schon, Donald A. and Martin Rein. Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
This work focuses on the problem of intractable policy controversies. The work concentrates on the importance of frames and the notion that parties to policy controversies see issues, policies, and policy situations in different and conflicting ways that correspond to certain systems of belief and consequent modes of action. The authors outline a theoretical framework for thinking about these issues and employ multiple case studies to illustrate their innovative approach to solving policy disputes. The approach emphasizes the practice of reframing issues as a way toward resolution. Primary Link

Putnam, Linda L. and M. Holmer. "Framing, Reframing and Issue Development." In Communication and Negotiation. Edited by Putnam, Linda L. and M. Holmer, eds. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1992.
This chapter offers a review and critique of the theoretical approaches that researchers have employed in studying framing in negotiation. The review offers good background information on the concept of framing and the research that has been conducted on it. After reviewing previous literature on the subject, the authors introduce two alternative models of framing and reframing.

Warfield, Wallace P. . "Public-Policy Conflict Resolution: The nexus between culture and process ." In Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice. Edited by Sandole, Dennis J.D. and Hugo van der Merwe, eds. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1993.
The author investigates the impact of organizational culture on public-policy disputes. He argues that differences in culture between policy-making organizations and stakeholder groups complicate policy conflicts and awareness of this cultural element is necessary for a more adequate understanding of policy conflict. Primary Link

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Examples Illustrating this Topic:

Online (Web) Sources

Kaufman, Sanda and Janet Smith. "Framing and Reframing in Land Use Change Conflicts." Journal of Architectural & Planning Research: Special issue Managing Conflict in Planning and Design , 1998
Available at: http://urban.csuohio.edu/~sanda/papers/frames98.htm [Backup Link]

Proposed changes to community land use frequently give rise to protracted disputes. Cognitive psychology, communication, and decision-making research suggests that frames, which filter people's perception of a problem, can affect conflict processes and outcomes. This paper argues that frames may significantly influence public participation in decisions to change a community's physical space.

Framing Problems.
Available at: http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/!overlay-problems.htm [Backup Link]
This page lists and defines potential problems with defining what the conflict is about and how it is being addressed.

Offline (Print) Sources

Gray, Barbara and R. Hanke. "Frame Repertoires and Non-Collaborative Behavior in an Intractable Environmental Conflict." Presented at the Academy of Management, Conflict Management Division, Washington, D.C., August 1, 2001.

Making Sense of Intractable Environmental Conflicts: Frames and Cases. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003.
This edited volume consists of a series of case studies that examine processes used to help resolve environmental conflicts. The work opens with an introductory chapter on how environmental conflicts are framed as well as a discussion of the meaning of the term intractability. The case studies cover natural resource cases, water cases, toxics cases, and growth management cases. The concept and importance of framing are emphasized throughout all of the pieces in the work.

Benford, R. D. "You Could Be The Hundredth Monkey: Collective Action Frames and Vocabularies of Motive within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement." The Sociological Quarterly 34, 1993.
In this article, the author examines collective action as a process through which conflicts can be addressed. He analyzes various vocabularies of motive in the nuclear disarmament movement to discover the competing rationales for taking action on behalf of the movement or its organizations.

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