Procedural Components of Peace Agreements: Additional Resources

These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Procedural Components of Peace Agreements.

Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:

Online (Web) Sources

Stedman, S. "Implementing Peace Agreements in Civil Wars: Lessons and Recommendations for Policymakers." , 2001
Available at: http://www.ipacademy.org/pdfs/Pdf-Report-Implementing.pdf  [Backup Link]

Companion work to "Ending Civil Wars." Provides concise assessment of problems and solutions in peace-agreement implementation.

Stedman, Stephen John. "Implementing Peace Agreements in Civil Wars: Lessons and Recommendations for Policymakers." , May 1, 2001
Available at: http://www.ipacademy.org/pdfs/Pdf-Report-Implementing.pdf  [Backup Link]

This paper evaluates peace agreement implementation strategies, the relative importance of implementation sub-goals, and the linkages between negotiation, implementation and long-term peacebuilding.

"Peace Aggreements Digital Collection." , 1900
Available at: http://www.usip.org/library/pa.html  [Backup Link]

Collection of the full text of every peace agreement since 1989.

The World Bank Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit.
Available at: Primary Link  [Backup Link]
This is the World Bank portal for descriptions of their nation-building efforts. Has links to other sites and lists of useful resources.

Offline (Print) Sources

Stedman, Stephen John, Donald S. Rothchild and Elizabeth M. Cousens, eds. Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.
Ending Civil Wars is divided into two main parts. The first part of the volume is devoted to exploring and explaining the theories and complexities of implementing peace agreements. The second part of the book is devoted to case studies that explore the theories developed in the first part. The book as a whole is an excellent source for people who are not familiar with the strategies of peace implementation and the difficulties inherent in ending civil wars.

Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.
Current scholarship on civil wars and transitions from war to peace has made significant progress in understanding the political dimensions of internal conflict, but the economic motivations spurring political violence have been comparatively neglected. This book contains a series of chapters by multiple authors identifying the economic and social factors underlying the perpetuation of civil wars, exploring as well the economic incentives and disincentives available to international actors seeking to restore peace to war-torn societies.

Berdal, Mats and David Malone. "Introduction to Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars." In Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Edited by Berdal, Mats and David Malone, eds. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 2000.
The introductory chapter to Greed and Grievance lays out the basic framework for analyzing the political economy of civil wars. The point of this chapter--and the book as a whole--is to highlight the fact that economic conditions, not cultural or ethnic divides, are the chief causes of intrastate wars. The introductory chapter establishes some of the key issues regarding economic agendas in failed states in particular responding to corruption and the role of elites in instigating violence.

Mitchell, Christopher R. "The Anatomy of De-Escalation." In Conflict Resolution: Dynamics, Process and Structure. Edited by Jeong, Ho-Won, ed. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 1999.
Mitchell breaks down the larger concept of de-escalation into constituent parts to show that de-escalation processes are not the mirror images of the processes that lead to escalation in the first place. This arises from the fact that the people involved in the conflict are different, cognitively speaking, from the people that they were prior to the escalation.

Walter, Barbara. "The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement." International Organization 51:3, 1997.
Walter presents the basic problem of civil war termination in terms of "cooperation under anarchy." According to her argument interstate conflicts are easier to resolve because anarchy sets natural limits to the peace. No cooperation is needed besides the basic cessation of hostilities. Contra interstate wars, intrastate wars require deep levels of cooperation, high degrees of trust, and the ability to monitor acquiescence all of which are expensive goods.

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Examples Illustrating this Topic:

Online (Web) Sources

Studemeister, Margarita S. El Salvador: Implementation of the Peace Accords.
Available at: http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks38.html  [Backup Link]
This paper assess the significance of the implementation of the peace accords nearly ten years after the initiation of negotiations under United Nations auspices. It considers a number of important questions such as: To what extent have the constitutional reforms called for in the peace agreements consolidated the political transformation in El Salvador? How did the third-party role of the U.N. contribute to the political transition?

Otto, Patrick Oguru. "Implementing the 1999 Nairobi Agreement." Accord, Vol. 11: Protracted Conflict, Elusive Peace Uganda , 2002
Available at: Primary Link  [Backup Link]

This article describes the efforts to implement the Jimmy Carter - brokered peace talks between Uganda and Sudan in 1999. The various setbacks and the subsequent meetings are all detailed, and the article ends with a summary of events since the September 11th attacks in the U.S.

Bright, Dennis. "Implementing the Lome Peace Agreement." Accord, Vol. 9 , September 2000
Available at: Primary Link  [Backup Link]

This article describes the tenuous process of implementing the Lome Peace Agreement in Sierra Leone. The article concentrates on the various actors involved and their conflicting positions in the peace process.

Peace Agreements Digital Collection. United States Institute of Peace (USIP).
Available at: http://www.usip.org/library/pa.html  [Backup Link]
The Peace Agreements Digital Collection strives to contain the full text of agreements signed by the major contending parties ending inter- and intra-state conflicts worldwide since 1989. This page offers access to peace agreement texts from settlements around the world.

McWilliams, Monica and Kate Fearon. "Problems of Implementation (The Belfast Agreement)." , 1999
Available at: Primary Link  [Backup Link]

This article discusses the repercussions of the ambiguous Belfast Agreement and suggests reasons why an alternative strategy should have been implemented.

Boutwell, Jeffrey and Thomas Homer-Dixon. The Project on Environmental Scarcities, State Capacity, and Civil Violence. Peace & Conflict Studies Program at the University of Toronto.
Available at: http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/state.htm  [Backup Link]
Project examines the linkages between weak states, civil wars, and resource scarcity. Finds that most problems revolve around elite control over scarce resources not scarcity itself as a direct causal variable.

The United Nations Peacekeeping Website. United Nations.
Available at: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/home.shtml  [Backup Link]
This site is the UN portal for all of their peacekeeping operations. It includes links to their basic mission objectives as well as overviews of every mission undertaken since the formation of the UN.

Offline (Print) Sources

Hartzell, Caroline. "Peace in Stages: The Role of and Implementation Regime in Nicaragua." In Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Edited by Rothchild, Donald S., Stephen John Stedman and Elizabeth M. Cousens, eds. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 2002.
Hartzell's chapter, in this comprehensive book on the process of ending civil wars, provides an in-depth case study of the peace agreement implementation regime in Nicaragua. In particular it focuses on the importance of timing and credible commitments from external powers. It also discusses the important role of impartial structures versus impartial peoples.

Dowty, Alan. The Role of Great Power Guarantees in International Peace Agreements. Jerusalem: The Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, 1974.
Dowty details the evolution of great power guarantees from the 19th century to present. He goes on to offer an assessment of the role and value of great power guarantees in peace agreements among smaller states. Lastly, Dowty applies this theory of great power guarantees to the Arab-Israeli conflict (c1974).

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