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Send by emailInternational Mediation and Intractable Conflict: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, International Mediation and Intractable Conflict.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts: Online (Web) Sources UNICEF Innocenti Research Center. International Criminal Justice and Children. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/emerg/files/ICJC.pdf [Backup Link] a report highlighting children�s specific experience in conflict and their special needs in post-conflict human rights accountability mechanisms. Donahey, Scott and Sandra A. Selllers. "Can Three-Mediator Panels Resolve 'Impossible' Disputes?." , February 1, 2001 Available at: http://www.tzllp.com/content/articles/Jmb1169.pdf [Backup Link] An analysis of how a seemingly intractable conflict can be resolved through three-way mediation. Stepp, Jessica A. How Does the Mediation Process Work?. Available at: http://www.mediate.com/articles/steppJ.cfm?nl=18 [Backup Link] This articles gives an over view of the six steps to formal mediation: 1) introductory remarks; 2) statement of the problem by the parties; 3) information gathering time; 4) identification of the problems; 5) bargaining and generating options; and 6) reaching an agreement. Offline (Print) Sources Serwer, Daniel. "A Bosnian Federation Memoir." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. Written by the US State Department's official primarily responsible for the Bosnian Federation in the mid-1990s, he traveled to Bosnia numerous times during that time to try to avert a return to the 1993-4 war. The chapter chronicles the multiparty efforts to maintain the peace. Hare, Paul J. "Angola: The Lusaka Peace Process." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. After violence resumed after the 1992 elections in Angola, the international community again played a central role in bringing the parties back to the negotiating table. This chapter describes the international effort to establish the Lusaka peace process and describes its principles. Maoz, Zeev and Ben D. Mor. Bound by Struggle: The Strategic Evolution of Enduring International Rivalries. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, October 2002. Solomon, Richard H. "Bringing Peace to Cambodia." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. This chapter discusses the role of the United Nations, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), regional powers, and the United States in bringing about peace in Cambodia. Smith, Gordon and John Hay. "Canada and the Crisis in Eastern Zaire." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington DC: USIP Press, 1999. "The object in this chapter is to explain how Canada, of all countries, came therefore to take the lead in attempting an armed intervention in eastern Zaire. It will describe the challenges of middle-power management of a multistate coalition, the confusion of facts on the ground in a complex emergency, and the lessons that might flow from the ambiguous conclusion of this unusual episode." DeSoto, Alvaro. "Ending Violent Conflict in El Salvador." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. In this chapter, The UN Secretary-General's representative at the peace talks describes the role of the United Nations in ending the civil war. McDougall, Barbara. "Haiti: Canada's Role in the OAS." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. This chapter describes the OAS' first effort to intervene on behalf of a member state to restore democracy. Bercovitch, Jacob. "International Mediation and Dispute Settlement: Evaluating the Conditions for Successful Mediation." Negotiation Journal 7:1, January 1, 1991. This article focuses on international mediation and highlights, through an original data set, the determinants of successful mediation in international relations. Zartman, I. William and Saadia Touval. "International Mediation in the Post-Cold War Era." In Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington, DC : United States Institute of Peace Press, September 1996. "Mediation is best thought of as a mode of negotiation in which a third party helps the parties find a solution which they cannot find by themselves." [p. 446] Zartman and Touval focus on mediation of violent, international, or civil conflicts. They describe why third-parties decide to mediate, why and when conflicting parties accept mediation, and what factors produce effective mediation. Kriesberg, Louis, Terrell A. Northrup and Stuart J. Thorson, eds. Intractable Conflicts and Their Transformation. New York: Syracuse University Press, October 1989. Intractable Conflicts brings together essays from a number of authors who explore intractability through diverse theoretical frameworks and case histories. These essays were first presented at a conference sponsored by Syracuse University's Program on the Analysis and Resolution of Conflicts. Primary Link Townsend-Gault, Ian and Hasjim Djalal. "Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea: Informal Diplomacy for Conflict Prevention." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington DC: USIP Press, 1999. This chapter describes efforts at preventative diplomacy in the South China Sea, an area claimed by many states in the region due to its potential wealth. Etzioni, Amitai. "Mediation as a World Role for the United States." In The Handbook of Interethnic Coexistence. Edited by Weiner, Eugene, ed. New York: Continuum Publishing, 1998. The author examines the United States' potential to mediate international conflicts in the post-Cold war era. He begins by noting that the U.S. has already served as mediator in a number of cases. Primary Link Bercovitch, Jacob and Jeffrey Z. Rubin, eds. Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management, Reprint Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994. "Mediation is one of the most important management strategies in international relations, yet it has been the focus of relatively little scholarship. International mediation may involve private individuals, academic scholars, small or large states, transnational and international organizations, and yet the nature and consequences of such variation have yet to be examined systematically. The purpose of this book is to analyze the mediating efforts of these actors, and to consider their contributions to international peace and security." --Harvard Law School Greig, J. M. "Moments of Opportunity: Recognizing Conditions of Ripeness for International Mediation between Enduring Rivals." Journal of Conflict Resolution 45:6, December 1, 2001. This article examines the factors that influence both short term and long term mediation success. Greig, J. M. "Moments of Opportunity: Recognizing Conditions of Ripeness for International Mediation between Enduring Rivals." Journal of Conflict Resolution 45:6, December 1, 2001. This article examines the factors that influence both short term and long term mediation success. Pastor, Robert A. "More and Less Than It Seemed: The Carter-Nunn-Powell Mediation in Haiti, 1994." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. "The mediation in Haiti was a superb case study-but not of how to combine diplomacy with force, but why it is so difficult, pracitcally impossible, particularly for a democracy, to combine these two elements into an effective strategy." It was innovative in a number of ways. First, the UN Security Council had declared the overthrow of a democratic government a threat to peace. Second, mediation was conducted by private citizens and a senator sent by Clinton. Third, why did this quasi-governmental mediation team succeed when official missions from international organizations and national governments failed? Ajello, Adlo. "Mozambique: Implementation of the 1992 Peace Agreement." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. This chapter, written by the UN special representative to Mozambique, describes the effort to implement the 1992 peace accord. Aall, Pamela, Fen Osler Hampson and Chester A. Crocker. "Multiparty Mediation and the Conflict Cycle." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Aall, Pamela, Fen Osler Hampson and Chester A. Crocker, eds. Washington, D.C.: USIP Press, 1999. "[W]e seek in this chapter to explore the possibility that multiparty mediation may add further weight to the need for a synthesis between what might be called the structuralist and social-psychological paradigms of mediation. We look at multiparty mediation from the standpoint of timing and conflict cycles, and seek to explore how the comparative contributions of different actors may unfold and what the strengths of different mediators are....The chapter concludes with a moregeneral discussion of the particular practical and operational challenges posed by multiparty mediation and the implications for policy...." Arthur, Paul. "Multiparty Mediation in Northern Ireland." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Hampson, Fen Osler, Pamela Aall and Chester A. Crocker, eds. Washington, DC: United States of Institute Peace, January 1, 1999. This chapter discusses the complex dealings and issues of representation that occurred in Northern Ireland during the process that led to the Good Friday Agreement. This agreement could only be reached through a complicated multiparty mediation that included representatives from several factionalized stakeholder groups in the region. The article briefly considers the relationship between political leaders and their constituents, noting how leaders? perceptions of their constituents affected their positions on important issues. It concentrates primarily on the bonds that moderate stakeholder representatives (leaders) formed during the peace process, which made the eventual agreement possible. Bercovitch, Jacob and Richard Jackson. "Negotiation or Mediation?: An Exploration of Factors Affecting the Choice of Conflict Management in International Conflict." Negotiation Journal 17:1, 2001. The author uses an original data set to show the differing uses of mediation and negotiation in the international community. He concludes that negotiation is typically used in less severe circumstances, and that more intense, complex disputes are dealt with through mediation. Bailey, Sydney D. "Non-Official Mediation in Disputes: Reflections on the Quaker Experience." International Affairs 61:2, 1985. This article presents a discussion of the role of non-official mediators in international conflicts, such as Quakers. This article represents a relatively early take on the potential role of NGOs in peacemaking activities, as NGOs were just emerging as significant international actors in the mid-1980s. The author notes that the UN was not entirely prepared to relate to, nor effectively utilize the contributions of, NGOs at this point in time. Crocker, Chester A. "Peacemaking in Southern Africa: The Namibia-Angola Settlement of 1988." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Aall, Pamela, Fen Osler Hampson and Chester A. Crocker, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. This chapter describes the long multilateral effort to bring peace to southwestern Africa. Burton, John W. Resolving Deep-Rooted Conflict: A Handbook. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987. Bercovitch, Jacob, ed. Resolving International Conflicts: The Theory and Practice of Mediation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, October 1, 1996. This edited volume focuses on various aspects of mediation in the international arena. The work is organized thematically into four parts and consists of chapters by seventeen authors who have done significant work in the field. Maresca, John J. "Resolving the Conflict Over Nagorno-Karabakh: Lost Opportunities for International Conflict Resolution." In Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996. The chapter first analyzes the historical origins of the conflict and highlights the opportunities the international community has missed to help bring about an end to the conflict. Hampson, Fen Osler, Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall. "Rising to the Challenge of Multiparty Mediation: Institutional Readiness, Policy Context, and Mediator Relationships." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Hampson, Fen Osler, Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington, DC: USIP Press, 1999. This chapter provides an overview of research findings on the topic of multiparty mediation. The authors discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of having multiple mediators involved in a peacemaking process. Bercovitch, Jacob, ed. Studies in International Mediation: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey Z. Rubin. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, March 2003. This volume brings together essays from a number of leading international relations scholars. The primary concern of the work is the effectivenes of international mediation and how best to achieve it. The three key themes throughout the work are the determinants of successful mediation, the range of mediation methods in use, and new strategies for intervention. Rothchild, Donald S. "Successful Mediation: Lord Carrington and the Rhodesian Settlement." In Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict. Edited by Hampson, Fen Osler, Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington, D.C.: USIP Press, 1996. This chapter chronicles the British contribution in mediating the Rhodesian (Zimbabwean) civil war. Einaudi, Luigi R. "The Ecuador-Peru Peace Process." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. "This chapter discusses the period from the renewal of fighting in 1995 to the signing of the comprehensive settlement almost four years later....[I]t sketches the background of the conflict and briefly summarizes the evolving positions of the parties and the details of the settlement. In keeping with this volume's concentration on multiparty mediation, the primary focus here is on the role of hte guarantors." de Chastelain, John. "The Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. "The aim of this chapter is to review the period between the start of the work of the International Body in December 1995 and the attainment of the Good Friday Agreement of April 10, 1998. The chapter is written from the personal perspective of the author, who was a member of the internaitonal team involved in both the decommissioning review and the chairing of various aspects of the political process, as well as the chairman of the decommissioning body still engaged in working to achieve its mandate." Egeland, Jan. "The Oslo Accord: Multiparty Facilitation through the Norwegian Channel." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. This chapter, by a Norwegian participant in the mediation process, discusses the role of Norway and other international actors in producing the Oslo Accord between Israel and the Palestinians. Hampson, Fen Osler, Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall. "The Practitioner's Perspective." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Hampson, Fen Osler, Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington DC: USIP Press, 1999. This chapter is a summary of an informal one-day meeting of practitioners involved in multiparty mediation organized by USIP for facilitate a discussion of experiences and lessons learned. Anstee, Margaret J. "The United Nations in Angola: Post-Bicesse Implementation." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, 1999. The author, the UN Secretary-General's special representative in Angola, describes the complex multilateral effort to bring an end to the civil war in Angola. Weiss, Joshua. "Trajectories Toward Peace: Mediator Sequencing Strategies in Intractable Communal Conflicts." Negotiation Journal 19:2, 2003. "The author identifies three distinct mediation sequencing strategies used in intractable communal conflicts: the gradualism model; a 'boulder-in-the-road' approach; and the 'committee' strategy. Using case examples of contemporary mediation efforts, he describes the three approaches and their advantages and disadvantages. A wider-angle approach to the differences in how mediators and conflicting parties achieve peace in these destructive conflicts is useful for both scholarly inquiry and practice." --Abstract Bercovitch, Jacob. "Understanding Mediation's Role in Preventative Diplomacy." Negotiation Journal 12:3, 1996. Bercovitch examines 241 international conflicts occurring from 1945 to 1990. Mediation was attempted, often multiple times, in 60% of those conflicts. Bercovitch identifies nearly 600 mediation attempts made over the course of these conflicts. Based on an analysis of the mediation attempts, the author identifies a number of factors which correlate strongly with successful mediation. Kleiboer, Marieke. "Understanding Success and Failure of International Mediation." Journal of Conflict Resolution 40:2, June 1996. This article reviews and assesses three aspects of current research on the course and outcomes of international mediation. First, the vague notion of mediation success is addressed. Second, the key contextual and process factors believed to explain the outcomes of international mediation are discussed. Finally, the author addresses some concerns about current theorizing on the subject, particularly the assumptions that underlie current research. Examples Illustrating this Topic: Online (Web) Sources Posthumus, Bram. "Chad and Libya: Good Neighbors, Enemies, Brothers - But Never Trusting Friends." , 1999 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This is an article about the relationship between Chad and Libya. It details the decades-long history of conflicts between the two nations and the various conflict management steps that have been taken to control them. Havermans, Jos. "Congo Brazzaville: A Democratization Process Scourged by Violence." , 2000 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This is an article about the Republic of Congo (Brazzaville is the capital) and its attempt at transitioning to democracy in the 1990s, despite ongoing violence. van Beurden, Jos. "Ethiopia/Eritrea: End in Sight to a Devastating War?." , 2000 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This is an article about the ongoing conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea. The paper outlines the political dynamics and the border dispute that lie at the center of the conflict. In addition, the author details various attempts at international mediation by outside actors as well as the efforts of nongovernmental organizations working in each country. Mateeva, Anna. "Georgia: Peace Remains Elusive in Ethnic Patchwork." , 2002 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This paper discusses ongoing tensions and problems in the Georgian region of Abkhazia, which are preventing the etablishment of a stable peace. The paper details the political dynamics of the situation, as well as describing a variety of peacemaking activities by nongovernmental organizations working in the region. Toonen, Emmy. "Ghana: Mediating a Way Out of Complex Ethnic Conflicts." , 1999 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article details the dynamics of ethnic tension in Ghana, and discusses possibilities for the nation to utilize mediation as a way out of its complex ethnic struggles. Bayer, Resat. "Lord Carrington's Mediation of the Rhodesian Settlement: Zimbabwe's Second Chimurenga Concludes." Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution, Vol. 1, No. 4 , November 1998 Available at: http://www.trinstitute.org/ojpcr/1-4bayer.htm [Backup Link] This article includes a chronological history of the conflict in Rhodesia and discussion of the negotiations that led to the settlement of the conflict. Then the author goes on to analyze the role of the mediator in these negotiations and the characteristics of the process in Rhodesia. Posthumus, Bram. "Mali: Successful Mediation Effort Could Lead to Lasting Peace." , 2000 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article outlies the dynamics of the rebel insurgency in Mali in the early 1990s and the subsequent peace efforts that took place. It is noted that the mediated peace settlement has been successful mostly because of inclusive stakeholder representation and participation. Mateeva, Anna. "Nagorno Karabach: A Straightforward Territorial Conflict." , 2002 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article details the dynamics of the conflict over Nagorno-Karabach in which ethnic Armenians have been struggling for control since the late 1980s. There have been a variety of attempts to mediate this conflict, particularly in the form of multi-track diplomacy, but as of 2002 it remained at a stalemate. Bossart, Donald. Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: Lessons for Mediators. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This paper is an edited transcript of a talk given by Donald Bossart for the Intractable Conflict/Constructive Confrontation Project on April 10, 1993. It is a case-study of Southern Rhodesia's move to become Zimbabwe and illustrates how different perspectives influence conflict--internationally as well as locally. Posthumus, Bram. "Sierra Leone: Real Battles Lie Ahead." , 2001 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article details the history of violent conflict in Sierra Leone, including its connection to events in neighboring Liberia. The author outlines the various efforts that have been made to bring peace to the west African nation. Slim, Randa M. and Faredun Hodizoda. "Tajikistan: From Civil War to Peacebuilding." , 2002 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article discusses the civil war in Tajikstan, which broke out soon after the nation declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The majority of the article focuses on the successful peace process initiated by the United Nations that led to the signing of the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan in 1997. United States Institute of Peace. Zimbabwe and the Prospects for Nonviolent Political Change. Available at: http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr109.html [Backup Link] This USIP special report details the efforts of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), who have been employing nonviolent methods to try and instigate political change in Zimbabwe. The report examines the roles and strategies of key domestic actors in recent years and provides insights into the possible nature of transition. The conclusion argues that international mediation must be coupled with forms of domestic pressure if a transitional authority (the preferred peaceful option) is to be attained. Offline (Print) Sources Bercovitch, Jacob. "Conflict Management and the Oslo Experience: Assessing the Success of Israeli-Palestinian Peacemaking." International Negotiation 2:2, 1997. The Oslo experience and the signing of an agreement between Israel and the PLO is used as an empirical case study to highlight the nature of successful mediation in international conflicts. To provide a structure for the analysis, the concept of intractable conflicts and their management is utilized. Factors affecting the mediation of intractable conflicts are grouped into two clusters: (a) contextual factors and (b) process factors. The paper focuses on the changing balance of contextual factors and how these created a ripe moment for mediation, and on the particular way the mediation process was carried out. Timing, ripeness and secrecy are identified as the crucial variables that produced the breakthrough in Oslo. Hume, Cameron R. Ending Mozambique's War: The Role of Mediation and Good Offices. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, November 1, 1994. This first-hand account of the Mozambique mediations offers intriguing details that illustrate the complexity of the multi-track mediation process. Hume, who was a participant observer in the Rome-based peace talks, relates the stages of the process to the principles of conflict management, negotiation, and mediation in a clear and graceful style. He delineates the separate roles played by the parties themselves (the government and RENAMO), the outside governments that intervened, and the mediators, with a special focus on the unique element in this peace process: the involvement of a private voluntary organization, the Community of Sant'Egidio. Bose, Sumantra. "Flawed Mediation, Chaotic Implementation: The 1987 Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Agreement." In Ending Civil Wars: The Implentation of Peace Agreements. Edited by Rothchild, Donald S., Elizabeth M. Cousens and Stephen John Stedman, eds. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002. This example provides two key lessons on designing peace agreements. First, mediation and implementation must be connected, namely the Tamil Tigers were not part of the mediation process which hindered implementation. Second, the intervention of a regional hegemon can be controversial because they are often not seen as neutral. Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Herndon, VA: USIP Press, January 1, 2000. This major edited volume presents a broad look at the process of international mediation and the significant amount of complexity the process presents. The essays and case studies in this volume were written by experienced international mediators and include a combination of straightforward analysis and engaging narratives. Mooradian, Moorad and Daniel Druckman. "Hurting Stalemate or Mediation?: The Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, 1990-95." Journal of Peace Research 36:6, November 1, 1999. This article presents a comparison of the impacts of six attempts at mediating the conflict over the political status of Nagorno-Karabakh in the Caucasus region of the former Soviet Union. Each mediation attempted to bring the key parties (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Nagorno-Karabakh) to the negotiating table. The data analysis produced from this research shows that a mutually hurting stalemate is indeed a condition for negotiating a ceasefire and reduced violence between warring parties. Jackson, Richard. "Managing Africa's Violent Conflicts." Peace and Change 25:2, April 1, 2000. "Conflict management research has not often compared the effectiveness of different methods such as negotiation and mediation. Consequently, applying conflict management techniques to international disputes has sometimes been ad hoc and ineffectual. This article compares the effectiveness of negotiation and mediation in African conflict management in the period 1945 to 1995. Utilizing an original data set on cases of negotiation and mediation, the analysis indicates that, overall, bilateral negotiations are more successful than mediation. However, negotiation is difficult to initiate in cases of intense, intractable civil conflicts, and works best in cases of interstate disputes. Given that Africa's worst conflicts are all intense, long-running civil wars, improving the effectiveness of mediation in the region is a top priority." --Blackwell Publishers Wehr, Paul and John Paul Lederach. "Mediating Conflict in Central America." Journal of Peace Research 28:1, 1991. This paper examines the process, structure, and context of the Esquipulas peace process in Nicaragua. The authors analyze the use of mediation as a tool for conflict management in this case, concluding that Esquipulas represents a valuable model for the use of mediation and for regional conflict resolution. Richmond, Oliver P. Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations. Frank Cass Publications, November 1, 1998. "This study investigates the Cypriot parties views of the process of peacemaking in order to shed light on the Cyprus problem, and on the theoretical debates on mediation, from a new angle. Part I examines the theoretical debates surrounding mediation and develops the perspective provided by an examination of the views of the mediated upon. This section provides the theoretical framework for the following case study. Part II provides an historical analysis until the outbreak of conflict in late 1963. This provides the background for the case study in Part III, which examines the peacemaking process from 1964 to 1994, utilizing the conceptual framework developed in Part I." -Amazon.com Primary Link [Backup Link] Bartoli, Andrea . "Mediating Peace in Mozambique: The Role of the Community of Sant'Egidio ." In Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Edited by Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington, DC: USIP Press, 1999. This chapter discusses the process of mediating a peace settlement in the Mozambique civil war, focusing particularly on a small community organization that played a surprisingly critical role. The Community of Sant'Egidio was one of the most effective members of the mediation team in this process. This chapter details why that was the case. Stein, Kenneth and Samuel Lewis. "Mediation in the Middle East." In Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict. Edited by Hampson, Fen Osler, Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall, eds. Washington, D.C.: USIP Press, 1996. This chapter considers the necessary elements of successful mediation in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The authors examine the mediator's role in bringing about and sustaining peace talks, the effect of timing and ripeness on the success of mediation, the challenges of setting up a negotiation structure, the component of high-level engagement, and the importance of good intelligence on the part of the mediator. The chapter concludes with some key observations on the role of mediation in the negotiation process. Stedman, Stephen John. Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, January 1, 1990. "Challenging the literatures on war termination, civil war, and revolution-which typically dismiss the possibility of negotiated settlement-Stephen Stedman examines the problem of negotiations during civil wars and demonstrates that third party mediation can help resolve such conflicts." Azar, Edward E. and Rick Ayre. The Management of Protracted Social Conflict: Theory and Cases. Brookfield, VT: Dartmouth Press, April 1990. This book focuses on protracted social conflicts and their management. Using case studies (Lebanon, Sri Lanka and the Falklands/Malvinas), it presents insights into how problem-solving forums can be used as effective tools in controlling and resolving identity, security and post-colonial disputes. |
