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Send by emailLarge-Scale Communication: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Large-Scale Communication.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts: Online (Web) Sources The Communication Initiative. Available at: http://www.comminit.com/ [Backup Link] The Communication Initiative is a partnership of development organizations seeking to support advances in the effectiveness and scale of communication interventions for positive international development. Manoff, Robert Karl. The Media's Role in Preventing Deadly Conflict. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article examines the role that the media can potentially play in preventing the twenty-first century from being as conflict-ridden and bloody as the twentieth. Offline (Print) Sources Thrall, A. Trevor. War in the Media Age. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2000. Thrall argues that the White House, not the military, is primarily responsible for the growth of press controls. He believes that the rising importance of the press in everyday political life has resulted in presidents altering both their media strategy and their approach to war. This book also provides an interesting historical review of how the US government has restricted media access from the Vietnam War to the Persian Gulf War. Burton, John W. Conflict and Communication: The Use of Controlled Communication in International Relations. London: Macmillan, 1969. This groundbreaking work is an early example of a discussion advocating what is now known as Track Two diplomacy. Davidson, Walter Philips. Mass Communication and Conflict Resolution: The Role of the Information Media in the Advancement of International Understanding. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974. Allen, T. and J. Seaton, eds. The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of Ethnic Violence. London: Zed Books, May 1999. This work analyzes media coverage of conflicts in the post-Cold War world, questioning media portrayals of primordial ethnic loyalties and hatreds as the driving force. The work highlights the dangers of basing analyses on vague, unfounded notions about human motivation or on mythologized ideas about the past. Dissanayake, Andrew and Wimal Arno. The News Media in National and International Conflict. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, April 1984. The News Media, Civil War and Humanitarian Action. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, June 1996. Taylor, Phillip. War and the Media. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. Examples Illustrating this Topic: Online (Web) Sources "Communications and Education: Peace Media." , 2002 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] "Peace media uses radio, television, and print journalism to promote peace, to disseminate truthful information or alternate viewpoints that could turn public sentiment toward peaceful resolution of conflict, or to counter 'hate radio.'" This page includes all the pertinent information regarding peace media as a tool in conflict prevention and resolution. Galtung, Johan. "High Road, Low Road: Charting the Course for Peace Journalism." Track Two, Vol.7, No.4 , December 1, 1998 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article urges the media not to report the savagery and struggle associated with war, but rather instead to focus on conflict transformation processes that take the conflict towards peace. Vinokurov, Georgy. Media Coverage of the Chechen Conflict. Available at: http://www.medialaw.ru/e-pages/publications/chechen.htm [Backup Link] This article provides analysis of media coverage of the conflict in Chechnya by various mass media outlets, particularly Russian sources. Wolfsfeld, Gadi. The News Media and Peace Processes: The Middle East and Northern Ireland. United States Institute of Peace. Available at: http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks37.pdf [Backup Link] This report explains how and when the media takes different roles in the promotion of peace. They can emphasize the benefits that peace can bring, they can raise the legitimacy of groups or leaders working for peace, and they can help transform images of the enemy. But the media also can serve as destructive agents in a peace process. They can emphasize the risks and dangers associated with compromise, raise the legitimacy of those opposed to concessions, and reinforce negative stereotypes of the enemy. Terzis, Georgios, Sandra D. Melone and Ozsel Beleli. "Using Media for Conflict Transformation: The Common Ground Experience." Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, 1900. http://www.berghof-handbook.net/articles/melone-hb.pdf [Backup Link] This essay discusses how pluralism in the media, along with fair and accurate journalism, can contribute to the transformation of a conflict. Using the work that Common Ground (CG) has initiated, with regards to targeting journalists specifically and the media in general in areas of political tension (i.e., Angola, Burundi, Sierra Leone), this paper illustrates the transformation process. Offline (Print) Sources Miller, David. Don't Mention the War: Northern Ireland, Propaganda, and the Media. London: Pluto, October 1, 1994. This work analyzes the media manipulation that took place during the conflict in Northern Ireland. It is based on over 100 interviews with jounalists, government officials, activists, and politicians. It reveals many of the lies of propagandists and demonstrates the successes of media managers in shaping the public's perceptions of the conflict. Magnusson, Thomas, ed. From Saigon to Sarajevo: Mass Media in Times of War. Stockholm: International Peace Bureau, 1994. Girardet, E., Andrea Bartoli and J. Carmel. Somalia, Rwanda and Beyond: The Role of International Media in Wars and Humanitarian Crises. Dublin: Crosslines, 1995. "The purpose of this book is to explore the role of the international media, whether print, radio, or television, in the reporting of wars and other humanitarian crises: famines, refugee exoduses, ethnic, religious or political repression, tribal massacres, genocide. By focusing on recent conflicts such as Somalia, Rwanda, and Chechnya, but also continuing wars largely ignored by the mainstream media ranging from Angola to Sri Lanka, we hope to highlight some of the trends now affecting the quality of journalistic reporting in the mid-1990s." - Introduction Carruthers, Susan L. The Media at War: Communication and Conflict in the Twentieth Century. MacMillan, 2000. This assessment of the role of the media before, during and after wars draws on examples from the 20th century's total wars as well as limited wars, terrorist campaigns, and complex emergencies such as Somalia. Carruthers argues that the media's performance in wartime may result as much from peacetime journalistic practices as from the special circumstances of war. This book is an excellent read on the relationship between the military, the government, and the media--The introduction and chapter five are particularly worth reading. Butler, David. The Trouble With Reporting Northern Ireland: The British State, the Broadcast Media and Nonfictional Representation of the Conflict. Avebury, June 1995. Hudson, Miles and John Stanier. War and the Media: A Random Searchlight. New York: New York University Press, March 1998. This work analyzes media coverage of several well-known conflicts, comparing what the media reported against actual events. It includes analysis of conflicts such as Northern Ireland and Gulf War I. Audiovisual Materials on this Topic: Online (Web) Sources Gore Vidal on the "United States of Amnesia," 9/11, the 2000 Election and the War in Iraq. Democracy Now!. May 13, 2003. Available at: http://democracynow.org/transcripts/gorevidal.shtml [Backup Link] Amy Goodman, from Democracy Now! interviews Gore Vidal, author and "the finest serious critique of America's use and abuse of power in the 21st century." He discusses his view of the reign of terror that has been established by the Bush dictatorship, along with the electoral process in the United States corruption in the Bush/Gore election. Offline (Print) Sources Only the News that Fits. 1989. In the context of Nicaragua's Arias Peace Plan negotiations in 1987, this film demonstrates just how truly we should not believe all that we are told. |
