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Send by emailFact Frames: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Fact Frames.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts: Online (Web) Sources Goodstein, David. Conduct and Misconduct in Science. Available at: http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/onepage/conduct.html [Backup Link] An essay on fraudulent practices in science and recent legislation to deal with this problem. Ergenzinger, Edward R. "Conversations With Phineas Gage: A Neuroscientific Approach to Negotiation Strategies." , December 2002 Available at: http://www.mediate.com/articles/Ergenzinger.cfm [Backup Link] This article examines how framing affects peoples' preferences. Gray, Barbara, Ralph Hanke and Linda L. Putnam. Differential Framing of Environmental Disputes by Stakeholder Groups. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=320364 [Backup Link] Abstract: This paper contributes to a developing literature on the role of framing in organizational settings and in protracted environmental disputes in particular. The paper identifies four frame types (risk, conflict management, power, and views of nature frames) that can be used to understand how disputants make sense of environmental conflicts and offers predictions about differential use of these four frames by environmental disputants. Our results substantiate some differences in the frames utilized by different stakeholder groups - revealing predicable antagonisms as well as the presence of strange bedfellows. We link frame usage to the intractability of conflict and offer some recommendations for handling these frame-based disputes. Finally, our results suggest that greater insight into environmental conflicts may be derived from understanding the patterns of frames held by disputants rather than concentrating solely on interest-based stakeholder groupings. Facing History and Ourselves. Available at: http://www.facinghistory.org [Backup Link] This organization is based around helping people to understand the present and future by educating them about the past. It seeks to develop programs that would allow students to think critically about the past by emphasizing morality in history. The website has links to new articles discussing current world events and also provides resources for understanding these events. There are also resources like academic articles, films, books, and teaching tools provided at this site. Kolb, Deborah M. Negotiations Through a Gender Lens. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=314462 [Backup Link] Abstract: Traditional views of gender in negotiation focus on differences between men and women. Even though the focus is presumably on men and women, it is really only women who are implicated - they are either similar to men or difference from them. Using a different perspective, it is possible to use gender as a lever into negotiation processes. Specifically, a gender lens highlights: the challenges of social position; the ways gender and legitimacy are negotiated in bargaining interactions and the possibilities for transformative outcomes. Strategies for Dealing with Environmental Risk Conflicts. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This paper examines intractable conflicts by focusing on the problem of technical risk and uncertainty, including the fact that uncertainty is often unavoidable and how parties react to uncertainty and possible risks. "The Frame: An Introduction." , 1900 Available at: http://www.workingpsychology.com/frintro.html [Backup Link] A somewhat detailed discussion of framing. Treating Framing Problems. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This page lists and defines several framing strategies that can be used to determine what a conflict is about and how it is being addressed. Offline (Print) Sources Snare, Charles E. "Defining Others and Situations: Peace, Conflict, and Cooperation." Peace and Conflict Studies 1:1, December 1994. This article examines framing. The author explains, "individuals actively create reality and give it meaning. One's subjective representations of reality provide a framework to interpret and categorize situations and people. One's mental representations become a guide in one's attempt to grapple with the problems and challenges that confront us." Schon, Donald A. and Martin Rein. Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies. New York: Basic Books, 1994. This work focuses on the problem of intractable policy controversies. The work concentrates on the importance of frames and the notion that parties to policy controversies see issues, policies, and policy situations in different and conflicting ways that correspond to certain systems of belief and consequent modes of action. The authors outline a theoretical framework for thinking about these issues and employ multiple case studies to illustrate their innovative approach to solving policy disputes. The approach emphasizes the practice of reframing issues as a way toward resolution. Primary Link Fisher, Roger, William L. Ury and Bruce Patton. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, 2nd Edition . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., April 1992. This is an updated version of Roger Fisher's and William Ury's classic 1981 text, Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. In this bestseller, Fisher, Ury, and Patton describe what they call "principled negotiation", which is basically interest-based bargaining with a few extra twists. Key ideas include: 1) separate the people from the problem; 2) negotiate interests, not positions; 3) look for mutually beneficial options; and 4) use objective criteria. This work is considered essential foundational reading for anyone interested in negotiation. Primary Link [Backup Link] Burgess, Guy M., Sanda Kaufman and Robert Gardner. "Just the Facts, Please: Framing and Technical Information." In Environmental Practice. Edited by Gray, Barbara, Roy J. Lewicki and Michael Elliott, eds. Oxford, OH: Oxford University Press, September 2003. In this article, the authors introduce the concept of framing theory in the context of environmental disputes. They examine the various ways that individuals and stakeholders in environmental policy disputes interpret, relate to, and understand technical and scientific facts. They offer solutions to reframe common relationships to highly technical information in ways that allow greater communication between parties to environmental conflicts. Wildavsky, A. and K. Dake. "Theories of Risk Perception: Who Fears What and Why?." 119:4, 1990. Vaughn, E. and M Seifert. "Variability in the Framing of Risk Issues." Journal of Social Issues 48:4, 1992. Examples Illustrating this Topic: Online (Web) Sources Hill, Richard. "Constituting Arbitral Tribunals in Hi-Tech Cases." , May 1995 Available at: http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v3n1/hill.html [Backup Link] This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of several methods commonly used to nominate arbitrators for a dispute involving advanced technologies (for example, computer hardware or software) and suggests some alternatives. Framing Problems. Available at: http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/!overlay-problems.htm [Backup Link] This page lists and defines potential problems with defining what the conflict is about and how it is being addressed. Carroll, Robert Todd . Piltdown Hoax. Available at: http://skepdic.com/piltdown.html [Backup Link] A discussion of the famous fraud of the "Piltdown Man" and its significance to science. Hansen, James. The Global Warming Debate. Available at: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/edu/gwdebate/ [Backup Link] This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of several methods commonly used to nominate arbitrators for a dispute involving advanced technologies (for example, computer hardware or software) and suggests some alternatives. Fiala, Christian. We Have Lived with HIV/AIDS for Twenty Years: A Call for an Open Discussion of Contradictory Facts. Available at: http://perso.orange.fr/sidasante/critique/fiala.htm [Backup Link] An editorial essay contradicting the AIDS statistics in Africa on the grounds of poor data collection, faulty testing, and exaggeration. Offline (Print) Sources Making Sense of Intractable Environmental Conflicts: Frames and Cases. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003. This edited volume consists of a series of case studies that examine processes used to help resolve environmental conflicts. The work opens with an introductory chapter on how environmental conflicts are framed as well as a discussion of the meaning of the term intractability. The case studies cover natural resource cases, water cases, toxics cases, and growth management cases. The concept and importance of framing are emphasized throughout all of the pieces in the work. Fong, Larry S. "New Paradigms in Mediation: Thinking About Our Thinking." Mediation Quarterly 10:2, 1992. This article gives some suggestions on how mediators can better deal with clients who are very protracted. Gusfield, Joseph. The Culture of Public Problems: Drinking-Driving and the Symbolic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Discusses the interaction between official and public information on the subject of drinking and driving. Audiovisual Materials on this Topic: Offline (Print) Sources Liberation. Directed and/or Produced by: Bloomstein, Rex. First Run Icarus Films. 1995. This film presents personal accounts from soldiers who liberated the Nazi concentration camps at the end of World War II, and their accounts of the world's continual denial of this horrific event. Race - The Power of an Illusion . Directed and/or Produced by: Adelman, Larry. California Newsreel. 2003. This four part series destroys the myth of race. It shows that race has no biological basis, rather it only has societal consequences. It has been used to justify the abuse of one human population by another and to denote social and economic inequalities as being natural rather than humanly created. Primary Link [Backup Link] |
