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External Supporters: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, External Supporters.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Online (Web) Sources
Gastrow, Peter. "A Joint Effort: The South African Peace Process." , Available at: http://www.gppac.net/cic_documents/pbp/part1/8-joint_.htm [Backup Link] External actors made use of economic sanctions to apply pressure for change in South Africa. Peacemaking: Diplomacy. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] Diplomacy is crucial to the peacemaking process. This essay examines Track I diplomacy, Third parties - Track I, Track II diplomacy, and Third Parties - Track II. The Anti-Apartheid Movement: A Forty Year Perspective. Available at: http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/aam/symposium.html [Backup Link] "The "anti-apartheid movement" was a coalition that encompassed the world and consisted of international, regional, national and local bodies. It developed a broad range of actions from public boycotts to UN sanctions, from the provision of humanitarian assistance to refugees to military and non-military assistance to the liberation movement. This broad coalition of external supporters played a crucial role in liberating South Africa from apartheid." Ackerman, Peter and Christopher Kruegler. The Principles of Strategic Nonviolent Conflict. Available at: Link Ackerman and Kruegler suggest twelve principles of strategic action. Each principle addresses a factor in the success or failure of strategic nonviolent conflict. The authors note that adhering to these principles may increase the likelihood of success, but cannot guarantee it. They also expect these principles to undergo revision and refinement as our understanding of strategies of nonviolence grows. Yackley, Joseph. "U.S. Security Assistance to Israel." , Available at: http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol6/v6n23israelsec.html [Backup Link] The key points of this article are: The U.S. should not undermine the peace process that it has helped design by arming Israel in preparation for further conflict; Increases in U.S. military assistance are based on the unreasonable claim that Israel grows less secure with each peace treaty it signs; the U.S. should adjust its approach to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by seeking innovative ways of addressing the causes of conflict.
Offline (Print) Sources
Kriesberg, Louis. Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution, 2nd Edition. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, November 2002. This volume discusses the catalysts and phases of conflict as well as the processes of conflict resolution. It identifies the complexities of constructive conflicts and outlines case studies of intractable conflict moving towards resolution. Minorities and Nationalists: Managing Ethnopolitical Conflict in the New Century. This article presents a survey of the current evidence and analyses of ethnopolitical conflicts around the world. These conflicts are engaged in by groups who define themselves using ethnic or national criteria and make claims against the state or other political actors, regarding their collective interests (ie. Mayans of Chiapas, Bosnian Serbs).
Audiovisual Materials on this Topic:
Offline (Print) Sources
Democracy in Crisis. Directed and/or Produced by: Datta, Manjira. First Run Icarus Films. 1991. This film lays out the different political, religious, ethnic, and class factions, as well as their backers, who are embroiled in Indian communal conflicts. Primary Link [Backup Link] |
