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Emotions: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Emotions.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Online (Web) Sources
Glaser, Tanya. "Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most--Summary." University of Colorado Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado Conflict Research Consortium, 2000. Available at: Link This is a summary of Douglas Stone, Bruce Patton, and Sheila Heen's, Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss What Matters Most. This book explores what makes some conversations difficult, why people avoid having difficult conversations, and why people often manage difficult conversations poorly. The authors offer techniques for having more effective, fruitful discussions. Glaser, Tanya. "Emotions in Negotiation: How to Manage Fear and Anger--Summary." University of Colorado: Conflict Research Consortium. Available at: Link This summary covers an article by Robert S. Adler, Benson Rosen, and Elliot M. Silverstein from the Negotiation Journal. In the article, the authors discuss the management of fear and anger in negotiation situations. Managing Strong Emotions. Available at: http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/treatment/angermgt.htm [Backup Link] Interactions involving parties who are extremely angry with each other often degenerate into emotional confrontations which increase, rather than decrease, hostilities. Effective anger management strategies are needed to help people deal with their anger without further escalating the conflict.? Other strong emotions such as distrust, fear, and suspicion must be dealt with as well if escalation is to be avoided or diminished.? Retzinger, Suzanne and Thomas Scheff. "Emotion, Alienation, and Narratives: Resolving Intractable Conflict." , Available at: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/scheff/16.html [Backup Link] "This article explores the role of emotion and alienation in protracted conflict, making preliminary suggestions as to how they might be managed. First we note the slight attention given these topics in the mediation/negotiation literature. Then we show how emotional/relational issues are related to theories of economic/political interests, on the one hand, and narratives and ideologies of conflict, on the other. We focus on the way alienated relationships impair communication, and the way they generate intense emotions, especially shame and anger. In our view, secret (unacknowledged) alienation and shame are the primary causes of intractable conflict. Finally, we propose a role for mediators in the acknowledgment of emotion and alienation as a way of resolving intractable conflicts." - Article Abstract Conflict Research Consortium. Managing Strong Emotions. Available at: http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/treatment/angermgt.htm [Backup Link] This web page provides tips on how to deal with emotions when involved in conflict. Bell, Chris. Shame, Guilt and Justice: Self-Conscious Emotions as Mediators of the Positive Effects of Perceived Justice. Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc.. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=321367 [Backup Link] While organizational and justice research has explored issues related to affect, shame and guilt have been virtually ignored. Shame and guilt are self-conscious, self-evaluative emotions that occur in a social context, and have important behavioral and attitudinal implications. Finding one's self responsible for a negative performance evaluation is just such a context in which people can potentially feel shame and guilt. Shame, however, is connected with global assessments of the self, while guilt is more about specific behaviors rather than the whole person. People experiencing shame feel less control over the situation, and engage in withdrawal behaviors. People experiencing guilt feel they have relatively more control over the situation, and are more outwardly focused, engaging in behaviors aimed at reparation and amends. Negative feedback can also produce cognitive effects such as a loss of self-efficacy, and social effects such as a loss of identification with the social group. Milo-Locker, Shiri. "The Decision to Settle - Balance, Setoffs and Tradeoffs Between Rational, Emotional and Psychological Forces." , April 2004 Available at: http://www.mediate.com/articles/lockerS1.cfm?nl=51 [Backup Link] This article suggests the decision to settle is based on tradeoffs balancing between rational-economical, emotional, and psychological dimensions. It also proposes a three-step process to assess each parties' needs and decipher whether or not they will agree to settle and the reasons motivating their decision. Bjerknes, Daniel and Kristine Paranica. "Training Emotional Intelligence For Conflict Resolution Practitioners." , September 4, 2002 Available at: http://mediate.com/articles/bjerknes.cfm [Backup Link] This article examines the benefit to training emotional intelligence.
Offline (Print) Sources
Stone, Douglas, Bruce Patton and Sheila Heen. Difficult Conversations: How to Discuss what Matters Most. New York: Viking, April 3, 1999. This book walks you through a proven, concrete, step-by-step approach for understanding and conducting tough conversations. It shows you how to get ready, how to start the conversations in ways that reduce defensiveness, and how to keep the conversation on a constructive track regardless of how the other person responds. Primary Link Fisher, Roger, William L. Ury and Bruce Patton. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, 2nd Edition . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., April 1992. This is an updated version of Roger Fisher's and William Ury's classic 1981 text, Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. In this bestseller, Fisher, Ury, and Patton describe what they call "principled negotiation", which is basically interest-based bargaining with a few extra twists. Key ideas include: 1) separate the people from the problem; 2) negotiate interests, not positions; 3) look for mutually beneficial options; and 4) use objective criteria. This work is considered essential foundational reading for anyone interested in negotiation. Primary Link [Backup Link] Scheff, Thomas J. Bloody Revenge: Emotions, Nationalism, and War. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994. In this book Scheff argues that intractable conflicts are rooted in feelings of shame and rage. He examines several different sources of unresolved psychological trauma that can, and often does, contribute to the length and violent nature of a conflict. Terry, Susanne. "Conciliation: Responses to the Emotional Content of Disputes." Mediation Quarterly 45:16, 1987. This article examines how the expression of emotions can be used to encourage settlement. Terry argues that mediators must interpret emotions by close observations of their clients, then they must decide what kind of response to these emotions should be used. Mediators must take into account reasons for their clients behavior and also the trust that they have in the sincerity of their clients behavior. Terry then lists six appropriate responses for mediators when dealing with emotions. Augsburger, David W. Conflict Mediation Across Cultures: Pathways and Patterns. Westminster John Knox Press, 1995. "Believing not only that conflict is inevitable in human life but that it is essential and can be quite constructive, Augsburger proposes a shift to an "international" approach in resolving conflict. Augsburger focuses on interpersonal and group conflicts and provides a comparison of conflict patterns within and among various cultures." Retzinger, Suzanne and Thomas Scheff. "Emotion, Alienation, and Narratives: Resolving Intractable Conflict." Mediation Quarterly 18:1, 2000. "This article explores the role of emotion and alienation in protracted conflict and makes suggestions as to how they might be managed. First we note the scant attention given to these topics in the mediation and negotiation literature. Then we show how emotional and relational issues are related to theories of economic and political interests, on the one hand, and narratives and ideologies of conflict, on the other. We focus on the way alienated relationships impair communication and the way they generate intense emotions, especially shame and anger. In our view, secret (unacknowledged) alienation and shame are the primary causes of intractable conflict. Finally, we propose a role for mediators in the acknowledgement of emotion and alienation as a way of resolving intractable conflicts." Sfchreider, Lori S. "Emotional Intelligence and Mediation Training." Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20:1, 2002. This article examines how well mediation training programs emphasize emotional intelligence and make some recommendations for improving training in emotional intelligence. Scheff, Thomas J and Suzanne M. Retzinger. Emotions and Violence: Shame and Rage in Destructive Conflicts. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, January 1991. They explore human interaction in psychotherapy sessions, marital quarrels, TV game shows, and high politics. Their original interpretation of a classic work of fiction, Goethe's The Sufferings of Young Werther, and case studies of Hitler and his master architect, Albert Speer, offer additional, powerful illustrations of their theory: violence arises from the denial of emotions particularly from the denial of shame and from hidden alienation in relationships. Scheff, Thomas J. Emotions, the Social Bond, and Human Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. "In his important new book, Thomas Scheff offers an innovative approach to researching human behavior which relates the smallest parts of social interaction to the greatest wholes of social structure. These are the details and connections usually found only in the finest novels, but Scheff combines the insights of the humanities and social sciences to capture the same evocative details of sight, sound, and context, better to understand what he calls "human reality." He puts a fresh emphasis on the importance of emotions in the social bond, and describes in newly subtle ways the outer and inner lives of persons in real life, such as inner-city children, and in fiction, such as Jane Austen's heroines. By closely observing the significance of words and gestures in the context in which they occur, he is able to illuminate the connection between people's lives and the society in which they live." - Publisher's Word Jones, Tricia S. and Andrea Bodtker. "Mediating with Heart in Mind: Addressing Emotion in Mediation Practice." Negotiation Journal 17:3, July 1, 2001. "Given the centrality of emotion and emotional communication to conflict interaction, the lack of attention to emotion in mediation is particularly surprising. This essay suggests that mediation practice can -- and should -- be informed by the wealth of existing theory and research on emotion in the social sciences. The authors define emotion and argue the centrality of its place in conflict. They address issues germane to the cognitive, expressive, and physiological aspects of emotion and their relevance to mediation practice. Within each area, they discuss the implications of the emotional experience of the disputant and the emotional experience of the mediator." (Abstract from article) Shapiro, Daniel. "Negotiating Emotions." Conflict Resolution Quarterly 20:1, 2002. This article argues against the common belief that emotions should be left out of negotiation. Shapiro believes that making practitioners more aware of emotions can allow to them to negotiate more effectively. Taylor, Gabriele. Pride, Shame and Guilt: Emotions of Self-Assessment. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. "In this book, the author's discussion of pride, shame and guilt centres on the beliefs involved in the experience of any of these emotions. Through a detailed study, she shows how these beliefs are alike in that they are directed towards the self and its status, and how they differ in the specific view taken of the self. She illustrates the experience of these three emotions by examples taken from Engish literature. Unlike invented cases, these supply a a context and indicate the complexity of the web in which these emotions usually occur. An examination of integrity makes clear the relevant notion of the self and provides the sense in which some of the emotions of self-assessment are also moral emotions." - Publisher's Description Fisher, Erik and Steven Sharp. "The Art of Managing Everyday Conflict: Understanding Emotions and Power Struggles." In The Art of Managing Everyday Conflict: Understanding Emotions and Power Struggles. Edited by Fisher, Erik and Steven Sharp, eds. Westport, CT: Praegar Publishers, April 30, 2004. We all have power struggles affecting each of us in every stage of our life, nearly every day. We all get wrapped up in conflicts, but often have no idea how to resolve them. This book dicusses the "hows" and "whys" of conflict and provides easy-to-use solutions for most situations. The focus is on the role of emotion. Conflict results from the way in which we view our own power, and our views on power are largely influenced by our emotions. So we must begin by looking closely at our emotions. Fisher and Sharp guide us to pinpoint those and see how emotions move us into playing one of the classic roles in conflict - Victim, Persecutor, Instigator or Rescuer. And we learn how emotions can play productive purposes; how they can be used to minimize and remove serious conflict in our lives. The text includes vignettes, anecdotes, personal inventories, illustrations and concrete exercises. While general readers will find this text of interest, it will also provide valuable information for students of psychology, sociology, business management, human resources and family studies. Mallozzi, J.S., K.G. Allred and F. et. al. Matsui. "The Influence of Anger and Compassion on Negotiation Performance." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 70:3, 1997. This experiment tested how perceived harmful behavior affects a person's willingness to participate in negotiation. If a person believed their partner was responsible for harmful behavior then this reduced the desire to work together to negotiate. Ury, William L. The Third Side: Why We Fight and How We Can Stop. New York: Penguin Books, September 2000. In this book, William Ury explains that it takes two sides to fight and a third to stop it. Based on years of experience as a conflict resolution practitioner, Ury describes ten practical roles that people can play to prevent destructive conflict. He argues that fighting is not inevitable human behavior and that we can transform battles into constructive conflict and cooperation by turning to what he calls, "the third side".
Examples Illustrating this Topic:
Offline (Print) Sources
Moore, D.B. "Pride, Shame and Empathy among Peers: Community Conferencing as Transformative Justice in Education." Children's Peer Relations , 1998. Berry, Bonnie. Social Rage: Emotional and Cultural Conflict. New York: Garland Publishing, 1999. Berry examines the concept of social rage, or the way in which anger at an individual level gets translated into group anger. The introductory chapter is particularly helpful in understanding how social rage is formed, expressed, and handled. |
