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Development, the Environment and Conflict: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Development, the Environment and Conflict.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Online (Web) Sources
Agenda 21 . Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This page offers access to all sections and chapters of Agenda 21. Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment. Agenda 21 and other key global agreements were adopted by more than 178 Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. Environment and Security: A Framework for Cooperation in Europe. Available at: http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2003/envsec-ca-background.pdf [Backup Link] This paper discusses environmental issues such as degradation, inequitable access to critical resources upon which people depend in order to meet basic needs, competition to extract and control valuable commodities, and how these problems contribute to conflict. In addition, the paper outlines the project of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) that aims to address various concerns surrounding the connection between environmental issues and conflict. The World Bank Millenium Development Goals Site. Available at: http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/GMIS/home.do?siteId=2 [Backup Link] This site is a comprehensive gateway to a broad array of information about the Millenium Development Goals outlined by the United Nations in the Millenium Declaration in September 2000. The goals revolve around the following areas of concern: poverty, education, gender equality, child mortality, maternal health, HIV/AIDS and other diseases, environment, and global partnership. The site includes sections on all major world regions of concern. World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This page offers access to all chapters of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, which reaffirms the United Nations' committment to the principles outlined in 1992's Rio declaration, as they are stated in Agenda 21. The Plan of Implementation also affirms the United Nations' committment to the internationally agreed upon development goals, including those laid out in United Nations Millennium Declaration. The plan includes eleven chapters outlining the various aspects of sustainable development to be undertaken. EDC News - Environment & Development Challenges. Available at: http://www.edcnews.se/ [Backup Link] Edited by Leif Ohlsson, EDC News is dedicated to disseminate and discuss research and case studies on environment & development challenges, covering news and reports on population dynamics, access to natural resources and livelihoods, and their impact on poverty alleviation, economic growth, and health. Particular attention is paid to human rights and gendered aspects of these issues, and the policy challenges posed by risks of conflict and humanitarian disasters. EDC News consists of a resource base of material continually added to on this web site; an electronic newsletter which summarizes this material six times a year; and a corresponding free e-mail newsletter with short prompters pointing subscribers to the lates issue of EDC News on the web. Millennium Development Goals: Ensure Environment Sustainability. The World Bank Group. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] Managing and protecting the environment thus contribute to reaching the other Millennium Development Goals. This website discusses this. Millennium Development Goals: Environment. Department for International Development. Available at: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/mdg/environment.asp [Backup Link] This website outlines the steps and goals to protect the environment as put forth by in the Millennium Development Goals. Hamilton, Kirk. The Millennium Development Goals and the Environment. Environment Department, The World Bank Group. Available at: http://www.iadb.org/sds/doc/SOCSes6AmbienteKirkHamilton.pdf [Backup Link] This paper discusses the environment objectives with the Millennium Development Goals.
Offline (Print) Sources
Halle, Mark, Richard Matthew and Jason Switzer, eds. Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), 2002. "Conserving the Peace is a collection of case studies illustrating the relationships among security, the environment and human well-being. Collectively, the studies make the case that conservation activities can motivate peace-building, thereby creating a stable future for all." -From Publisher Primary Link [Backup Link] Adams, W.M. Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the South. New York: Routledge, September 15, 2001. This book "analyzes the evolution of the concept of 'sustainable development', and assesses how this can be applied in the real world. William Adams questions the established understanding of the problems of environment and development, stressing the inadequacy of a narrow view of environmental impacts and a limited response based on traditional conservation measures. He bridges the gap between environmentalism and development studies and argues that the central focus of 'green development' should be on the needs of the poor, and their capacity for control, power, and self-determination." -From Publisher Shiva, Vandana. Ecology and the Politics of Survival: Conflicts Over Natural Resources in India. New Delhi: Sage India, August 1, 1991. In this work, "Shiva discusses the fundamental assumptions of modern economic development responsible for the conflicts and environmental degradation, and proposes a new development theory which supports sustainable development and the people's rights to justice and peace." . Zed Book, June 1, 1999. "Divided into three sections on theoretical and historical considerations, environmental sector case studies, and conflict resolution, essays examine areas such as the social roots of conflict, the gender impact of war, international conflicts over freshwater sources, climate change and violent conflict, and conflict versus cooperation in Eritrea."-Book News, Inc. Conca, Ken. "In the Name of Sustainability: Peace Studies and Environmental Discourse." Peace and Change 19:2, April 1, 1994. Environmental problems have emerged as a major analytic theme in peace studies. Peace scholars are increasingly inclined to apply and extend concepts such as sustainable development, global change, and ecological security...this article considers the concepts of global change and ecological security. Thomas, Alan and Tim Allen, eds. Poverty and Development: Into the 21st Century, Revised Edition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, October 2000. This is an extensive collection of essays on various aspects of international development. It includes chapters on everything from poverty, to environmental degradation, to conflict, to democratization, and many other topics.
Examples Illustrating this Topic:
Online (Web) Sources
Environment and Security: Transforming Risks into Cooperation: The Case of Central Asia and South Eastern Europe. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Available at: http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2003/envsec-cooperation.pdf [Backup Link] This report focuses on the environemtnal stress afecting security in two case regions, Central Asia and South Eastern Europe. It provides maps with an overview on major environmental risks to huan development and security, including: groundwater pollution; legacy of conflict; industrial and agricultural pollution; toxic and radioactive waste; land degradation; and depletion of natural resources. The paper examines how these problems become security concerns when they are combined with factors like high population density or urbanization, socio-economic pressures, weak governance, and tensions between communities or boundary disputes. Douglas, Oronto and Doifie Ola. "Nigeria: Defending Nature, Protecting Human Dignity - Conflicts in the Niger Delta." , 1999 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article profiles the problems in the Niger Delta, which revolve around globalization, governmental policies regarding resource extraction, as well as social, cultural and economic rights.
Offline (Print) Sources
Suhrke, Astri. "Environmental Change, Migration, and Conflict." In Managing Global Chaos: Sources or and Responses to International Conflict. Edited by Hampson, Fen Osler, Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall, eds. United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996. This chapter examines the growing recognition that environmental change and demographic pressures can induce migration and serve as a source of conflict. It has two cases studies, out-migration from Bangladesh and from the Sahel. Richardson, Mervyn. The Effects of War on the Environment: Croatia. Routledge, May 1995. This work details the effects of the war in Croatia on that region's environment, as well as on some of Croatia's industries. |
