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Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Online (Web) Sources (K) (BLB) de Watteville, Nathalie. Addressing Gender Issues in Demobilization and Reintegration Programs. Africa Region Working Paper Series. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp33.htm [Backup Link] This work focuses on selected gender issues that is, women and girls needs during demobilization and reintegration programs. The target groups of this work include female ex-combatants, abducted girls, wives of ex-combatants, and women in the receiving community. The study's first objective is to ensure that female-specific needs are identified and addressed in future DRPs. The study also intends to identify DRP strategies that minimize gender discrimination. This paper does not take a geographical perspective (region specificities); instead, it favors a culturally consistent approach. (D Can probably find more up to date material post-Beijing Conference) Child-Soldiers: Girls with Guns: An Agenda on Child Soldiers for Beijing Plus Five. Available at: http://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story-id/000050.pdf [Backup Link] This document outlines specific gender issues related to child soldiers and demobilization. It highlights the importance of bringing the issue of female child soldiers to the women's rights agenda and lists recommendations that should be addressed at the Beijing Conference. (D) (LB) Lessons Learned Unit. "Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment: Principles and Guidelines." , 1999 Available at: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/lessons/DD&R.pdf [Backup Link] This paper, using a list format, gives an extensive outline on how to reach the goal of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of ex-combatants in a post-conflict environment. One section in particular deals with guidelines for observation, verification, and enforcement of agreements. (K) The Demobilization and Reintegration of Women Combatants, Wives of Male Soldiers and War Widows: A Checklist. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] "This checklist aims to draw attention to the particular challenges that face women combatants, the wives of male soldiers and war widows during the demobilization phase and the process of reintegration that follows. It is intended to assist planners in designing and implementing gender-sensitive long-term support." -From Article (D) (LB) (BLB) Colletta, Nat J. and Doug Pearce. The World Bank, Demobilization, and Social Reconstruction. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Available at: http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/light/14.pdf [Backup Link] This article first details the objectives of the World Bank's Demobilization and Reintegration Program (DRP) that "focused on public expenditure and reallocation and the shifting of scarce financial resources away form defense to the social and economic sectors." It next critiques this policy and describes the key lessons that have been gleaned from the World Bank's efforts to reintegrate ex-combatants into civil society. Offline (Print) Sources (D) United Nations Department of Peacekeeeping Operations. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in a Peacekeeping Environment.. New York: United Nations, 2000. The UN provides a review of experience with demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration of combatants. It proposes an integrated approach and outlines procedures to accomplish these goals. Primary Link [Backup Link] (D) Clark, Kimberly Mahling. Fostering a Farewell to Arms: Preliminary Lessons Learned in the Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development, Center for Development Information and Evaluation, 1996. In response to a request from USAID's Africa Bureau, Kim Mahling Clark has prepared a desk study on the lessons learned in the demobilization and reintegration of combatants, examining programs in El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nicaragua, and Uganda. (D) Azam, Jean-Paul, David Bevan and Paul Collier. Some Economic Consequences of the Transition from Civil War to Peace Policy Research Working Paper 1994. Examples Illustrating this Topic: Online (Web) Sources (D) (LB) Keener, Sarah, Suzanne Heigh and Luiz Pereira da Silva. Best Practice in War-to-Peace Transition: The Uganda Veterans Assistance Program. Africa Regional Series. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/afr/findings/infobeng/infob12e.htm [Backup Link] This page offers a brief description of the way in which Uganda attempted to help war vetrerans reintegrate into society after decades of warfare. (K) (BLB) Kostner, Markus, Nat J. Colletta and Ingo Wiederhofer. Case Studies in War-to-Peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This paper gives case studies in war-to-peace transitions and the demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda. (D) (LB) Verhey, Beth. Child Soldiers: Preventing, Demobilizing and Reintegrating. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/afr/wps/wp23.pdf [Backup Link] Drawing from in-depth studies in Angola and El Salvador, this paper looks at the reintegration of child soliders. This paper finds that, though difficult, child soldiers can re-engage in positive social relationships and productive civilian lives. (D) (LB) (BLB) Spencer, Denise. "Demobilization and Reintegration in Central America." , February 1997 Available at: http://www.bicc.de/publications/papers/paper08/paper8.pdf [Backup Link] Following demilitarization and demobilization at the end of the Cold War, approximately 126,000 combatants in Nicaragua and El Salvador attempted to integrate into civilian life. This report examines the challenges posed to reintegration and draws lessons from the experience of demobilization in Central America. (D) (LB) Sierra Leone: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration . Africa Regional Series. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/afr/findings/infobeng/infob81.pdf [Backup Link] The conclusion of the Disarmament and Demobilization (D&D) of combatants from all warring parties in January 2002, marked the official end of the civil war in Sierra Leone. D&D was part of a larger disarmament,demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) program, implemented by the Government of Sierra Leone with the support of the World Bank, together with other international institutions and NGOs. The experience of Sierra Leone shows how the Bank can play an important role in post-conflict transitions, complementing political and security efforts of client governments and the international community. (D) Wiederhofer, Ingo, Markus Kostner and Nat J. Colletta. The Transition from War to Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Bank. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This paper illustrates the transition from war to peace and from economic crisis and crumble to revitalization, charaterized by intense political, economic, and ethnic rivalries, through examples in Sub-Saharan Africa. (D) Mazarire, Gerald and Martin R. Rupiya. "Two Wrongs Do Not Make a Right: A Critical Assessment of Zimbabwe's Demobilization and Reintegration Programmes, 1980-2000." Journal of Peace, Conflict and Military , March 2000 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article examines the two attempts by Zimbabwe at demobilization since 1980, which have both failed dismally so far. The plight of the 'Class of 83', who require basic support in the form of being afforded opportunities for skills training in order to fit them for a new role in society, is still to be addressed. Not only must they be equipped with useful skills but employment opportunities must also be created for them. Secondly, while this is taking place, enough resources in the form of basic accommodation and minimum survival and welfare must be made available to the core affected group. (D) (LB) (BLB) UN Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Resource Center. Reintegration & Rehabilitation Unit, Emergency Response Division. Available at: http://www.undp.org/bcpr/ddr/ [Backup Link] In September 1997 an Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Working Group reviewed possible institutional arrangements within the United Nations system on demobilization, and agreed that at headquarters level there is a need for an institutional memory. In order to achieve this, agencies and organizations are developing their own institutional knowledge and capacities. Agencies involved in DDR operations are invited to regularly provide relevant information to this centralized DDR Resource Centre, which is housed at United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Such information includes lessons learned, research and studies, evaluations and training materials. The Centre aims to provide support and advice to policy makers as well as practitioners and field staff. Offline (Print) Sources (D) Barron, M. When the Soldiers Come Home: A Gender Analysis of the Reintegration of Demobilized Soldiers Mozambique 1994-96 . UK: School of Development Studies of the University of East Anglia, 1996. This is a gender analysis of the reintegration of demobilizing soldiers in Mozambique. Audiovisual Materials on this Topic: Offline (Print) Sources (D) Mortu Nega / Those Whom Death Refused. Directed and/or Produced by: Gomes, Flora. California Newsreel. 1988. This film examines the last days of Guinea-Bissau's struggle for independence from Portuguese colonial rule, and the first few years thereafter which brought about a period of demobilization and reconstruction. Primary Link [Backup Link] KM |
