Delegitimization: Additional Resources

These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Delegitimization.

Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:

Offline (Print) Sources

Bar-Tal, Daniel. "From Intractable Conflict through Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation: Psychological Analysis." Political Psychology 21:2, 2000.
Intractable intergroup conflicts require the formation of a conflictive ethos that enables a society to adapt to the conflict situation, survive the stressful period, and struggle successfully with the adversary. The formal termination of such a conflict begins with the elimination of the perceived incompatibility between the opposing parties through negotiation by their representatives?that is, a conflict resolution process. But this is only part of the long-term reconciliation process, which requires the formation of peaceful relations based on mutual trust and acceptance, cooperation, and consideration of mutual needs. The psychological aspect of reconciliation requires a change in the conflictive ethos, especially with respect to societal beliefs about group goals, about the adversary group, about the ingroup, about intergroup relations, and about the nature of peace. In essence, psychological reconciliation requires the formation of an ethos of peace, but this is extremely difficult in cases of intractable conflict. Political psychologists can and should work to improve the state of knowledge about reconciliation, which until now has received much less attention than conflict resolution.

Bar-Tal, D. "Causes and consequences of delegitimization: Models of conflict and ethnocentrism." Journal of Social Issues 46:1, 1990.

Bar-Tal, D. "Delegitimization: The Extreme Case of Stereotyping and Prejudice." In Stereotyping and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions. Edited by Bar-Tal, D., ed. New York: Springer Verlag, 1900.

Tajfel, H. Differentiation between social groups. London: Academic Press, 1978.

Buchanan, W. and H. Cantril. How nations see each other. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1953.

Jackman, M. R. "License to kill: Violence and legitimacy in expropriative social relations." In The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice and intergroup relations. Edited by Jost, J. T. and Brenda Major, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Bandura, A. "Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities." Personality and Social Psychological 3, 1900.

Cohen, S. F. Perceived images: U.S. and Soviet assumptions and perceptions in disarmament. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld, 1986.

Bengio, O. Saddam's word. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Cohen, S. F. Sovieticus: American perceptions and Soviet realities. New York: Norton, 1986.

Bar-Tal, D. and Y. Teichman. Stereotypes and Prejudice in Conflict: Representations of Arabs in Israeli Jewish Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Schadron, G, S. Rocher and V. Yzerbyt. "Stereotypes as explanations: A subjective essentialistic view of group perception." In The social psychology of stereotyping and group life. Edited by R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1997.

Kelman, H. C. "The interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian national identities: The role of the other in existential conflict." Journal of Social Issues 55:3, 1999.

Bronfenbrenner, U. "The mirror image in Soviet American relations." Journal of Social Issues 17:3, 1961.

Bialer, S. "The psychology of U.S.-Soviet relations." Political Psychology 6, 1985.

Jost, J. T. and M. R. Banaji. "The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness." British Journal of Social Psychology 33, 1994.

Staub, E. "The roots of evil: personality, social conditions, culture and basic human needs." Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, 1999.

Staub, E. The roots of evil: The psychological and cultural origins of genocide. NY: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Kelman, H. C. "Violence without moral restraint: Reflections on the dehumanization of victims and victimizers." Journal of Social Issues 29:4, 1973.

Bar-Tal, D. "Why does fear override hope in societies engulfed by intractable conflict, as it does in the Israeli society?." Political Psychology 22, 2001.

Gorny, Y. Zionism and the Arabs 1882-1948: A study of ideology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.

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Examples Illustrating this Topic:

Offline (Print) Sources

Sayigh, Y. Armed struggle and the search for a state: The Palestinian national movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Bar-Tal, D. "Delegitimizing Relations Between Israeli Jews and Palestinians: A Social Psychological Analysis." In Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel: A Quest in Human Understanding. Edited by Hofman, J. E., ed. Bristol, Indiana: Wyndham Hall Press, 1988.

White, R. K. Fearful warriors: A psychological profile of U.S.-Soviet relations. New York: Free Press, 1984.

White, R. K. "Images in the context of international conflict: Soviet perceptions of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.." In International behavior: A social psychological analysis. Edited by Kelman, Herbert C., ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965.

Shapira, A. Land and power: The Zionist resort to force. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Hadawi, S. Palestine occupied. New York: The Arab Information Center, 1968.

Cecil, R. "The marching season in Northern Ireland: An expression of politico-religious identity.." In Inside European identities. Edited by MacDonald, S., ed. Providence, RI:

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