When we treat man as he is, we make him worse than he is; when we treat him as if he already were what he potentially could be, we make him what he should be.
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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Conflict Stages: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Conflict Stages.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Online (Web) Sources
Sandole, Dennis J.D. "Comprehensive Mapping of Conflict and Conflict Resolution: A Three Pillar Approach, A." , December 1998 Available at: http://www.gmu.edu/academic/pcs/sandole.htm [Backup Link] This article attempts to develop a framework for mapping intrastate conflicts. The comprehensive mapping of conflict and conflict resolution proposed here is based on the assumption that "mapping" any particular conflict in terms of various categories -- e.g., (i) conflict; (ii) conflict causes and conditions; and (iii) conflict intervention perspectives and processes -- constitutes a preliminary step to designing and implementing an effective intervention into it. Noll, Douglas E. "Conflict Escalation: A Five Phase Model." , November 2000 Available at: http://www.mediate.com/articles/noll2.cfm [Backup Link] The author lists five phases of conflict escalation, and argues that as conflicts escalate through various stages, the parties show behaviors indicating movement backward through their stages of emotional development. "Five Stages of the Public Peace Process." , January 1998 Available at: http://traubman.igc.org/pubpeace.htm [Backup Link] This short article explains that the public peace process is based on the assumption that there are things government can do that people cannot; and there are things people can do that governments cannot. Public dialogue and action is based on the assumption that citizens have the freedom to be innovative and to create new, deeper relationships. While governments are the official bodies that make peace agreements, newer ideas and sustainable implementation depend on public consent and involvement. Thus, citizens have a critical role in peacemaking, sometimes called "citizen" or "track two" diplomacy Glaser, Tanya. "Process: The Dynamics and Progression of Conflict -- Summary." University of Colorado Conflict Research Consortium, 1900. Available at: Link This page is a summary of a chapter in Building Peace, by John Paul Lederach. In this section entitled Process: The Dynamics and Progression of Conflict, Lederach adopts mediator Adam Curle's matrix for describing the progress of conflicts in terms of the balance of power between the parties, and the degree to which the parties are aware of their conflicting needs and interests. Glaser, Tanya. "Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement - Book Summary." University of Colorado: Conflict Research Consortium, 1900. Available at: Link This is a summary of the book Social Conflict, by Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim. In the work, the authors describe how people engage in social conflicts. The authors describe the sources of conflict, identify five basic conflict strategies, and explore processes of conflict escalation and resolution. (This summary refers to the first edition of the book.)
Offline (Print) Sources
Kriesberg, Louis. Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution, 2nd Edition. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, November 2002. This volume discusses the catalysts and phases of conflict as well as the processes of conflict resolution. It identifies the complexities of constructive conflicts and outlines case studies of intractable conflict moving towards resolution. Kriesberg, Louis. "Nature, Dynamics, and Phases of Intractability." In Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict. Edited by Dosi, Giovanni, ed. Washington D.C. : U.S. Institute of Peace, April 30, 2005. The chapter reviews factors that contribute to intractibility at each stage of a conflict. In addition, it discusses steps that may be taken to reduce the sense of intractibility. Tillett, Gregory. Resolving Conflict: A Practical Approach, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, 2000. This book examines practical methods of conflict resolution to be applied in the political, business, and personal arenas. There is a focus on what approaches are appropriate for different stages of conflict. Zartman, I. William. Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (Updated Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, January 1, 1989. This study examines the causes and nature of African conflict and addresses the issue of how foreign powers can contribute productively to the management and resolution of such conflicts without resorting to the use of military force. The book focuses on four case studies of local conflict and external response (Western Sahara, the Horn of Africa, the Shaba province in Zaire, and Namibia) to assess various approaches to conflict management, and offers guidelines for identifying the ripe moment for effective external response. Pruitt, Dean G., Jeffrey Z. Rubin and Sung Hee Kim. Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement, 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw Hill College Division, January 1, 1994. This work explores the dynamics of conflict escalation, focusing on tactical considerations of conflict strategies and their potential outcomes. It also goes beyond escalation to discuss stalemate, de-escalation, problem solving, and third-party intervention. Primary Link Deutsch, Morton. The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973. This work provides a set of theoretical essays and research papers that deal with the nature of conflict and discuss various strategies for resolving conflict. Coming from the point of view of social psychology, the author focuses heavily on the concepts of cooperation, competition, and trust in explicating constructive and destructive conflict resolution processes. Primary Link
Examples Illustrating this Topic:
Online (Web) Sources
"Understanding Conflict and Peace." , 2002 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] "The Greater Horn of Africa suffers from ongoing conflicts and tensions. The degree of conflict varies from country to country: dealing with conflict in the Greater Horn ranges from stopping active wars to protecting and strengthening peace so that violence is not triggered." This article discusses processes of conflict escalation and addresses issues inherent in attempting conflict prevention and resolution in the Horn of Africa. Sections include levels of conflict and peace, determinants of violent conflict or peace, and violent conflicts: emergence and cessation. Indurthy, Rathnam. "Kashmir Between India and Pakistan: An Intractable Conflict, 1947 to Present." , 2003 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This case study describes the different stages of the Kashmir conflict from emergence, to stalemate, to failed peace, to escalation. The Case of Chiapas. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Chiapas/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Chiapas conflict by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of El Salvador. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/ElSalvador/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the El Salvador conflict by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Guatemala. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Guatemala/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Guatemala conflict by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Kashmir. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Kashmir/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Kashmir conflict, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Kosovo. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Kosovo/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Kosovo conflict, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Mizos. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Mizos/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Mizos conflict, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Moldova. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Moldova/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Moldova conflict, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Mozambique. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Mozambique/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Mozambique conflict by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Rwanda. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Rwanda/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Rwandan conflict by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Sierra Leone. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Sierra Leone conflict by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. "The Case of South Africa." Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS), 1900. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the South African conflict by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Sudan. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Sudan/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the conflict in Sudan, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of the Moros. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Moros/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Moros conflict, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of the Philippines. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Philippine conflict, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Tibet. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Tibet/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Tibetan conflict, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict. The Case of Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo). Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Zaire/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the conflict in Zaire, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict.
Audiovisual Materials on this Topic:
Online (Web) Sources
The Case of Chechnya. Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS). Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Chechnya/index.html [Backup Link] This site offers a diagram of the Chechen conflict, by date, episode, and conflict phase. It also supplies a link to a document that gives a narrative account of the conflict.
Offline (Print) Sources
One Island, Two Irelands . Directed and/or Produced by: Meurice, Jean-Michel. First Run Icarus Films. 1998. This film uses archival materials dating from 1916, to tell the history of Ireland's civil war. Primary Link [Backup Link] War and Peace in Ireland . Directed and/or Produced by: MacCaig, Arthur. First Run Icarus Films. 1998. This film follows the conflict in Northern Ireland through its different stages. It gives a picture of how violence escalated during the 1960s, how negotiations helped ease the violence in the 1980s, and how cease fires in the 1990s brought with them the prospect of peace. Primary Link [Backup Link] |