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Communication Tools for Understanding Cultural Differences: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Communication Tools for Understanding Cultural Differences.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Online (Web) Sources (D) Glaser, Tanya. "Communicating With Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication -- Summary." University of Colorado: Conflict Research Consortium, 1900. Available at: Link This is a summary of William Gudykunst's and Young Yun Kim's article, Communicating With Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication. Gudykunst and Kim begin by observing that "we communicate the way we do because we are raised in a particular culture and learn its language, rules, and norms." Different cultures (and subcultures) may have different rules and norms. The authors argue that understanding the other's culture facilitates cross-cultural communication. (D) Tatum, Garnett. Confronting Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Conflicts More Constructively. University of Colorado: Conflict Research Consortium. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This paper is an edited transcript of a talk given by Garnett Tatum for the Intractable Conflict/Constructive Confrontation Project on March 15, 1993. It talks about law as a formal means, and not necessarily the most effective means, of dealing with racial, ethnic and gender conflicts. (K) Wright, Walter A. "Cultural Issues in Mediation: Individualist and Collectivist Paradigms." , 2000 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article discusses how differences in perspectives may impede an agreement if the participants' views diverge on such fundamental issues as individual autonomy and group interdependence. When issues based on individual rights or strong group identification arise in a mediation, a mediator's awareness of individualist and collectivist paradigms can help surmount such cultural barriers to an agreement. Familiarity with the paradigms may be helpful because mediation models in the United States are based upon individualist cultural assumptions that group-oriented, or collectivist, participants in a mediation may not share. (D) Mollov, Ben. "Intercultural Dialogue and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Lessons of a Student Dialogue." , 1900 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article addresses critical questions concerning international relations and conflict resolution such as: Is peace made by nations or people? Is peace simply a function of the effective balancing of interests between states and political entities or is there a critical human interaction which operates in parallel to, formal national or security interests? (D) "Intercultural Theory." , Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This site offers a multifaceted discussion of the concept of culture, looking at the notion of cultural differences, and components and characteristics of cultural patterns. (K) Moore, Christopher W. and Peter Woodrow. "Mapping Cultures: Strategies for Effective Intercultural Negotiations." Track Two, Vol.8, No.1 , April 1, 1998 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article gives the reader an understanding of cultural differences and explains how to incorporate these differences into positive negotiation practices. (D) Conflict Research Consortium Staff. The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society--Book Summary. Available at: Link This is a summary of Kenneth Boulding's The Image. The book presents a new unifying concept through which a better understanding of individual behavior and social dynamics may be had. He proposes, in effect, a new theory of knowledge: knowledge as image. Offline (Print) Sources (?) Hall, Edward T. Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday, January 1, 1976. This book examines the many faces of culture and the effect it has on people especially as related to meaning, values, actions and identities. (D) LeBaron, Michelle. Bridging Cultural Conflicts: New Approaches for a Changing World. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, April 2003. This work presents strategies for bridging the gap between culture and conflict. Becoming skillful at this task is increasingly important to people in all realms of society as the world becomes more integrated. The work illustrates many of the proposed principles through stories. (?) Lusting, Myron and Jolene Koester. Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures, 4th Edition. Allyn & Bacon, July 8, 2002. This book discusses cultural differences that exist with respect to communication styles. The book focuses on practical considerations for why we should attempt to understand people. (D) Boulding, Kenneth E. The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, June 1, 1956. Available at: Link In The Image Kenneth Boulding presents a new unifying concept through which a better understanding of individual behavior and social dynamics may be had. He proposes, in effect, a new theory of knowledge: knowledge as image. (K) Novinger, Tracy. "Intercultural Communication." In Intercultural Communication: A Practical Guide. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, March 2001. Pages: 31. This essay examines the role culture plays in communication, and discusses how cultural differences impacts communication, both spoken and unspoken. (D) Hall, Edward T. "Communication, Culture, and Conflict." In The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time. New York: Doubleday, January 1, 1983. Pages: 7. From the Publisher First published in 1983, this book studies how people are tied together and yet isolated by hidden threads of rhythm and walls of time. Time is treated as a language, organizer, and message system revealing people's feelings about each other and reflecting differences between cultures. Examples Illustrating this Topic: Online (Web) Sources (D) Ochi, Rose. "Conflict Resolution Assistance in Indian Country." , 1900 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article explains how the Community Relations Service (CRS), provides mediation and conflict resolution services to Tribal governments, law enforcement, and communities on and off the reservation, when community tensions arise over racial or ethnic issues. CRS assists Tribal Governments in resolving disputes by dialogue and joint problem-solving. Offline (Print) Sources (D) "Independent Fact-Finding as a Catalyst for Cross-Cultural Dialogue." Cultural Survival Quarterly 19:3, November 3, 1995. A case study in independant fact-finding its advantages over standard fact-finding, especially in contrast to performing an impact study. Includes a discussion of how independant groups can successfully interact accross cultural barriers. (D) Carter, Jimmy. "Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President." In Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. New York: Bantam Books, January 1, 1982. Pages: 392-399. In this section, President Carter explains the methods and tools he employed to bridge cultural differences, in order to create an atmosphere that was conducive to good communications. Teaching Materials on this Topic: Online (Web) Sources (?) Rothstein-Fisch, Carrie, Elise Trumbull and Patricia M. Greenfield. "Bridging Cultures in Our Schools: New Approaches That Work." , 1900 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article presents a framework that teachers can use to bridge cultural differences in and outside the classroom. |
