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Ceasefire: Additional Resources
These references supplement the Knowledge Base Essay, Ceasefire.
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Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Offline (Print) Sources
Bailey, Sydney D. "Cease-fires, Truces, Armistices in the Practice of the UN Security Council." The American Journal of International Law 71:3, July 1977. This older article discusses the history of the terms truce, armistice, and cease-fire, as employed by the United Nations Security Council over the past several decades. Through analysis of key events in the history of the Security Council, the author fleshes out the distinctions between the terms/concepts. Smith, James D. D. Stopping Wars: Defining the Obstacles to Cease-Fire, Reprint Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, November 1997. "No war ends without a cease-fire. This is the first book-length attempt to catalog the reasons why some wars are so difficult to stop -- even when both sides want the fighting to end. Through in-depth case studies, James Smith assesses the obstacles and points toward solutions for ending wars more quickly." -From Publisher
Examples Illustrating this Topic:
Online (Web) Sources
Agreement of Cessation of Hostilities in Viet-Nam, July 20, 1954. Available at: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/genevacc.htm [Backup Link] This page presents the text of the 194 Geneva Agreements that theoretically ended the war between French Union forces and the Vietminh in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. This agreement established provisional military demarcation line and demilitarized zone on either side of the line. In the 1960s, the Vietnam DMZ became a strategically significant region in the conflict between U.S. and Viet-Kong forces. Sapone, Montgomery. "Ceasefire: The Impact of Republican Political Culture on the Ceasefire Process in Northern Ireland." , May 2000 Available at: http://www.gmu.edu/academic/pcs/SAPONE71PCS.html [Backup Link] This article argues that the duration of the conflict in Northern Ireland cannot be understood without reference to Irish Republican culture and history. Similarly, the ceasefire itself must be viewed in light of the history and culture of Irish Republicanism. "Chronology of War and Peace in the Philippines." Conflict Early Warning Systems (CEWS), 1900. Available at: http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Moros/moros.pdf [Backup Link] This article examines peace negotiations, coup attempts, and cease-fires that took place in the Philippines between 1945 and 1998. It also looks at the beginnings of Islam in the Philippines, and the rise of militant Islamic groups. Uidhir, Sean Mag. "Creation of a Framework for Negotiations: A Leap into Uncharted Waters." Accord, Vol. 8 , December 1999 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article discusses the process of negotiation between the IRA and the Republican party in Northern Ireland that resulted in the cessation of military operations by the IRA in 1994. The article then goes on to discuss reasons for the breakdown of the 1994 ceasefire and the subsequent strategy adjustments made by the Republicans and the IRA, in an effort toward achieving a peace settlement. Tapi, Robert. "From Burnham to Buin: Sowing the Seeds of Peace in the Land of the Snow-Capped Mountains." Accord, Vol. 12: Weaving Consensus: The Papua New Guinea - Bougainville Peace Process , August 2002 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article discusses the Burnham Peace Talks between Papua New Guinea and Bougainville in 1997. They brought the first successful ceasefire to the area in more than a decade. The reasons for the success, as well as detailed descriptions of the talks are covered. International Peacebuilding Interventions: Reflections on the Truce Monitoring Group. Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article discusses the Truce Monitoring Group established to help Bougainville and Papua New Guinea maintain their cease-fire. "Lome Agreement Summary." Accord, Vol. 9 , September 2000 Available at: http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/sierra-leone/lome-summary.php [Backup Link] This page lists the requirements of Sierra Leone's cease-fire, known as the Lome agreement. The summary describes the various aspects of the agreement including power-sharing terms, reconciliation stages, constitutional provisions, military stipulations, human rights provisions, and the implementation agenda. Recent Peace Agreements and Cease-Fires. Available at: http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/services/cds/metadata/agreement.html [Backup Link] This is an extensive list of recent peace accords and cease-fires arising from protracted ethnic conflicts around the world. They reveal that despite the headlines of intractable ethnic conflicts, many efforts are being made to manage ethnic conflicts more effectively. Danilov, Dmitrii. "Russia's Role (in the Georgia-Abkhazia Peace Process)." Accord, Vol. 7 , September 1999 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] Scroll down the page to locate "Russia's Role." The article discusses and attempts to address a set of questions regarding the various roles Russia has played in the Georgia/Abkhazia conflict and peace process. The author explains that in spite of conflicting perceptions of its conduct during the war, Russia was instrumental in establishing the ceasefire that has lasted since 1994. However, the author asks whether Russia's actions have really been entirely helpful. Barnes, Harry and Gary Kent. "The Creation of a Framework for Negotiations: Ceasefires and Elections." Accord, Vol. 8 , December 1999 Available at: Primary Link [Backup Link] This article discusses the mid-1990's negotiations surrounding the issue of the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons in Northern Ireland. The discussion covers the actions of the involved political parties and the principles developed by the Independent Body on Decommissioning, which helped provide a foundation for peace talks.
Offline (Print) Sources
Sharp, Jane M.O. "Dayton Report Card." International Security 22:3, 1997. This article outlines and critiques the provisions of the 1995 Dayton Accords, which codified a cease-fire in the war in Bosnia and was intended to bring sable peace to the region. Howe, Herbert. "Lessons of Liberia: ECOMOG and Regional Peacekeeping." International Security 21:3, 1996. This article details the turbulent attempt by Economic Community of West African States Cease-fire Monitoring Group) ECOMOG to establish a ceasefire in Liberia after warring factions signed an agreement in August 1995. The piece provides background on the roots of the Liberian conflict and proceeds to examine the possible effectiveness of subregional military groupings by analyzing the work of ECOMOG in the Liberian conflict of 1989-1996. Rowan, Brian. "The Armed Peace: Life and Death After the Ceasefires." , October 2003. This work details events in Northern Ireland since a cease-fire agreement was reached in 1994. The author examines the ongoing power struggles between the parties as well as the potential for renewed violence. Primary Link [Backup Link] The Effects of Violence on Peace Processes. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, November 1, 2001. Achieving sustainable peace after civil conflict can be a challenge. As Darby reports, 31 of 38 formal peace accords signed from 1988-1998 failed to last more than three years. Dissecting four stages of peace processes (prenegotiation, cease-fire, negotiating a political settlement, and postsettlement peacebuilding), Darby examines the impact of violence at each point. Primary Link Adeleke, Ademola. "The Politics and Diplomacy of Peacekeeping in West Africa: The ECOWAS Operation in Liberia." Journal of Modern African Studies 33:4, December 1995. This article examines the ways in which member states of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) dealt with the organization's shift from an economic development organization to one that also works to resolve conflict and establish peace in West African hot spots. The piece concentrates on the situation in Liberia in the early 1990s, analyzing how the dynamics of intra-regional politics and diplomacy, as well as ethnicity, affected the peace process in that nation. The concluding section assesses the potential for employing the ECOWAS operation as a model for conflict resolution in Africa.
Audiovisual Materials on this Topic:
Online (Web) Sources
The Mideast: A Century of ConflictPart 6: From the First Intifada to the Oslo Peace Agreement. NPR. October 7, 2002. Available at: http://www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/history/history6.html [Backup Link] This audio clip discusses the beginning of the first Intifada and Israel's government being divided between the right-wing Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir and Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin of the Labor Party (who eventually favored negotiations with the Palestinians). As the Intifada continued Israelis decided that it was time to settle with the Palestinians. In 1992, Prime Minister Rabin authorized secret negotiations with the PLO in Oslo. The Israelis and the Palestinians signed the Oslo peace agreement in 1993.
Offline (Print) Sources
War and Peace in Ireland . Directed and/or Produced by: MacCaig, Arthur. First Run Icarus Films. 1998. This film follows the conflict in Northern Ireland through its different stages. It gives a picture of how violence escalated during the 1960s, how negotiations helped ease the violence in the 1980s, and how cease fires in the 1990s brought with them the prospect of peace. Primary Link [Backup Link] |
