Beyond Intractability
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Efforts to meet this challenge require expertise in the following topics:

 Beyond Intractability
 Understanding Conflict
      Core Concepts
            Intractable Conflicts Defined
              »  What Are Intractable Conflicts?
              »  Nature of Intractability
              »  Characteristics of Intractable Conflicts
              »  Conflicts and Disputes
            Alternative Goals
              »  Interests, Positions, Needs and Values
              »  Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
              »  Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA)
              »  Ripeness
              »  Settlement, Resolution, Management, or Transformation
              »  Tolerance
              »  Coexistence
              »  Legitimacy
              »  Security
              »  Stable Peace
            Justice
              »  Principles of Justice and Fairness
              »  Types of Justice
              »  Restorative Justice
              »  Retributive Justice
              »  Procedural Justice
              »  Distributive Justice
            International Law
              »  International Law
              »  Rule of Law
              »  Jus Ad Bellum
              »  Jus in Bello
              »  Rights
              »  Sovereignty
      Causes
        »  Causes of Disputes and Conflicts
            Identity Issues
              »  Identity Issues
              »  Effects of Colonization
              »  Nationalism
              »  Religion and Conflict
              »  Scapegoating
            Oppression and Conflict
              »  Oppression and Conflict: Introduction
              »  The Nature and Origins of Oppression
              »  Forms of Oppression
              »  Maintaining Oppression
              »  Overcoming Oppression: Awakening the Sense of Injustice
              »  Overcoming Oppression Through Persuasion
              »  Overcoming Oppression with Power
            High-Stakes Distributional Issues
              »  High-stakes Distributional Issues
              »  Rich / Poor Conflicts
              »  Social Status
              »  Globalization
              »  Moral or Value Conflicts
              »  Unmet Human Needs
              »  Justice Conflicts
              »  Human Rights Violations
              »  Effects of Colonization
              »  Small Arms Trade
      Costs & Benefits
        »  Costs and Benefits of Intractable Conflict
            Costs of Conflict
              »  Costs of Intractable Conflict
              »  Damaged or Destroyed Relationships
              »  Decision Making Delay
              »  Violence--overview
              »  Interpersonal Conflict and Violence
              »  War
              »  Terrorism
              »  Suicide Bombers
              »  War Crimes
              »  Genocide
              »  Refugees
              »  Victimhood
              »  Humiliation
              »  Benefits of Conflict
      Dynamics
        »  Factors Shaping the Course of Intractable Conflict
            Conflict Stages
              »  Conflict Stages
              »  Latent Conflict Stage
              »  Conflict Emergence Stage
              »  Escalation and Institutionalization Stages
              »  Failed Peacemaking Efforts Stage
              »  Hurting Stalemate Stage
              »  De-escalation Stage
              »  Negotiation Stage
              »  Settlement Stage
              »  Peacebuilding and Reconciliation Stage
            Social Psychological Dynamics of Conflict
              »  Social Psychological Dimensions of Conflict
                  Psychological Dynamics
                    »  Psychological Dynamics
                    »  Limits of Rationality
                    »  Ethos of Conflict
                    »  Siege Mentality
                    »  Delegitimization
                    »  Dehumanization
                    »  Victimhood
                    »  Cognitive Dissonance
                    »  Game Theory
                  Frames, Framing, and Reframing
                    »  Frames, Framing, and Reframing
                    »  Interests, Rights, Power and Needs Frames
                    »  Cultural and Worldview Frames
                    »  Process Frames
                    »  Competitive and Cooperative Approaches to Conflict
                    »  Identity Frames
                    »  Stereotypes / Characterization Frames
                    »  Enemy Images
                    »  Prejudice
                    »  Into-the-sea Framing
                    »  Fact Frames
                    »  Worst-case / Loss-oriented Frames
                    »  Reframing
                  Emotions
                    »  Emotions
                    »  Anger
                    »  Fear
                    »  Distrust
                    »  Guilt and Shame
                    »  Humiliation
                    »  Face
            Escalation/De-Escalation
              »  Escalation and Related Processes
              »  Destructive Escalation
              »  Constructive Escalation
              »  Polarization
              »  Entrapment
              »  Limiting Escalation / De-escalation
      Complexity
        »  Complexity
        »  Complex Adaptive Systems
      People
            Parties to Intractable Conflict
              »  Parties to Intractable Conflict
              »  Disputants
              »  Leaders and Leadership
              »  Stakeholder Representatives
                  Intermediaries
                    »  Intermediaries
                    »  Formal Intermediaries
                    »  Informal Intermediaries
                    »  Bystanders
            Within-Party Differences
              »  Within-party Differences
              »  Moderates
              »  Conflict Profiteers
                  Extremists and Spoilers
                    »  Extremists or Spoilers
                    »  Dealing with Extremists
                    »  Humanization of Extremists
                    »  Mediating Evil, War, and Terrorism: the Politics of Conflict
                    »  External Supporters
            Third Siders
              »  Third Siders
              »  Bridge Builders
              »  Facilitators
              »  Mediators
              »  Arbitrators
              »  Educators
              »  Witnesses
              »  Peacekeepers
              »  Healers
              »  Equalizers
              »  Referees
              »  Providers
              »  Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
              »  Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
      Development and Conflict
        »  Development and Conflict
        »  Development and Conflict Theory
        »  Development Interventions and Conflict
        »  Development and Conflict in Practice: People Interviewed
        »  Development, Poverty and Conflict
        »  Development, Education and Conflict
        »  Development, Gender and Conflict
        »  Development, Health and Conflict
        »  Development, the Environment and Conflict
        »  Global Partnerships and Development
      Power
        »  Power
            Coercive Power
              »  Coercive Power
              »  Aggression
              »  Revenge and the Backlash Effect
              »  Sanctions
              »  Nonviolence and Nonviolent Direct Action
            Exchange Power
              »  Exchange Power
              »  Incentives
            Integrative Power
              »  Integrative Power
              »  Persuasion
              »  Nonviolence and Nonviolent Direct Action
              »  Power Inequities
              »  Empowerment
              »  Voice
              »  Capacity Building
              »  Networking
              »  Coalition Building
              »  Activism
              »  Social Movements
      Culture and Conflict
        »  Culture and Conflict
        »  Culture-based Negotiation Styles
        »  Rituals and Conflict Transformation
        »  Cross-cultural Communication
        »  Communication Tools for Understanding Cultural Differences
        »  Mediation and Multiculturalism
        »  Special Affinities and Conflict Resolution: West African Social Institutions and Mediation
        »  Cultural and Worldview Frames
        »  Women and Intractable Conflict
      Relationships
            Relationship Problems
              »  Damaged or Destroyed Relationships
              »  Identity Issues
              »  Face
            Improving Relationships
              »  Establishment of Personal Relationships
              »  Networking
              »  Cooling off Periods
              »  De-escalating Gestures
              »  Confidence-building Measures
              »  Managing Interpersonal Trust and Distrust
              »  Trust and Trust Building
              »  Respect
            Conflict Transformation
              »  Conflict Transformation
              »  Reconciliation
              »  Apology and Forgiveness
            Communication
              »  Interpersonal / Small-scale Communication
              »  Channels of Communication
              »  Misunderstandings
              »  Creating Safe Spaces for Communication
              »  Dialogue
              »  Narratives and Story-telling
              »  Conversation as a Tool of Conflict Transformation
              »  Empathic Listening
              »  I-messages and You-messages
              »  Escalation-limiting Language
              »  Communication Tools for Understanding Cultural Differences
              »  Cross-cultural Communication
              »  Metaphors
              »  Rumor Control
                  Media
                    »  Large-scale Communication
                    »  Mass Media
                    »  Media Strategies
                    »  Political Communication
                    »  Public Diplomacy
                    »  Propaganda
      Facts
        »  Theories of Knowledge
            Factual Disputes
              »  Factual Disputes
              »  Technical Facts
              »  Historical Facts
              »  Legal Facts
              »  Land and Property Rights in the Peace Process
            Fact Finding
              »  Fact-finding
              »  Distinguishing Facts from Values
              »  Uncertainty
              »  Obtaining Trustworthy Information
              »  Neutral Fact-finding
              »  Joint Fact-finding
              »  Oversight / Review Committee
              »  Truth Commissions
              »  Amnesty
              »  International War Crimes Tribunals
              »  Communicating Facts
 Intervention Processes and Outcomes
      Options and Strategies
        »  Countering Intractability
        »  Theories of Change
        »  Peaceful Change Strategies
        »  Intervention Processes
        »  Addressing Underlying Causes of Conflict
        »  Managing Interpersonal Trust and Distrust
        »  Intervention Coordination
        »  Meta-conflict Resolution
        »  The Scale-up Problem
        »  Incrementalism
      Assessment and Evaluation
        »  Conflict Assessment
        »  Conflict Mapping
        »  Early Warning
        »  Envisioning
        »  Setting Goals
        »  Evaluation and Assessment of Interventions
        »  Evaluation as a Tool for Reflection
        »  Formative Evaluation
        »  Action Evaluation
      Negotiation
        »  Negotiation
            Negotiation Theory
              »  Negotiation Theory
              »  Win-win / Win-lose / Lose-lose Situations
              »  Positive-sum / Zero-sum / Negative-sum Situations
              »  Interests
              »  Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
              »  Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA)
              »  Ripeness
              »  Compromise
              »  Limits of Rationality
            Negotiation Strategies
              »  Negotiation Strategies
              »  Integrative or Interest-based Bargaining
              »  Distributive Bargaining
              »  Positional Bargaining
              »  Creating and Claiming Value
              »  Culture-based Negotiation Styles
              »  Single-text Negotiation
      Mediation and Facilitation
        »  Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
        »  Facilitation
            Mediation
              »  Mediation
              »  The Culture of Mediation: Settlement Vs. Resolution
              »  Problem-solving Mediation
              »  Transformative Mediation
              »  Neutrality
              »  Insider-partial Mediation
              »  International Mediation and Intractable Conflict
              »  Mediation and Multiculturalism
              »  Special Affinities and Conflict Resolution: West African Social Institutions and Mediation
              »  Mediating Evil, War, and Terrorism: the Politics of Conflict
            Mediation Strategies and Techniques
              »  Mediators Without Borders: a Proposal to Resolve Political Conflicts
              »  Convening Processes
              »  Ripeness-promoting Strategies
              »  Ground Rules
              »  Sequencing Strategies and Tactics
              »  Reframing
              »  Option Identification
              »  Focusing on Commonalities
              »  Caucus
              »  Reality Testing
              »  Consensus Building
              »  Costing
              »  Policy Dialogue
              »  Shuttle Diplomacy
              »  Action-forcing Mechanisms
              »  Trust in Mediation
              »  Codes of Conduct for Intervenors
      Arbitration and Adjudication
        »  Arbitration
        »  Adjudication
        »  Hybrid Processes
        »  Grievance Procedures
      Peace Processes
        »  Peace Processes
            Preventive Diplomacy and International Violence Prevention
              »  Preventive Diplomacy and International Violence Prevention
              »  Peace Education
              »  International Regimes
              »  Globalization
              »  Mobilization Slowing
              »  Military Force Restructuring
              »  Arms Control and Non-proliferation
              »  Disarmament
              »  Human Rights Protection
              »  Protective Accompaniment
              »  Safe Havens
              »  Buffer Zones
              »  Arms Embargo
              »  Preventing Interpersonal Violence
            Peacemaking
              »  Peacemaking
              »  Diplomacy
              »  Track I Diplomacy
              »  Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
              »  Track II (Citizen) Diplomacy
              »  Problem-solving Workshops
              »  Track I - Track II Cooperation
              »  Multi-track Diplomacy
              »  Military Intervention
              »  Peace Agreements
            Peacekeeping
              »  Peacekeeping
            Peacebuilding
              »  Peacebuilding
                  Levels of Action
                    »  Levels of Action
                    »  Elites
                    »  Midlevel Actors
                    »  Grassroots Actors
                    »  The Scale-up Problem
                    »  Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
                    »  Religion and Peace
                    »  Conflict Transformation
                    »  The Transformation of Labor-management Conflicts
                    »  Recognition
                    »  Humanitarian Aid and Development Assistance
                    »  Important Skills for Humanitarian Professionals Working in a Contemporary Conflict Environment
                    »  Stabilization and the Problem of Insurgency
                    »  Trauma Healing
                    »  Envisioning
                    »  Joint Projects
                    »  Drama in Conflict Transformation
                    »  Apology and Forgiveness
                    »  Respect
                    »  Humanization
                    »  Humanizing Extremists
                    »  Reconciliation
            Nation Building
              »  Nation Building
              »  Democratization
              »  Democracy and Conflict Management
              »  Elections
              »  Election Monitoring
              »  Civil Society
              »  Civic Education
              »  Public Participation
              »  Challenges and Strategies for Democratic Participation
            Transitional Justice
              »  Truth Commissions
              »  International War Crimes Tribunals
              »  Lustration
              »  Power Sharing
              »  Land and Property Rights in the Peace Process
            Training as Intervention
              »  Conflict Transformation Training as Intervention
              »  Elicitive Training
      Outcomes of Intervention
        »  Settlement, Resolution, Management, or Transformation
        »  The Culture of Mediation: Settlement Vs. Resolution
        »  Conflict Transformation
        »  Ceasefire
        »  Tolerance
        »  Coexistence
        »  Stable Peace
      Peace Agreements
        »  Peace Agreements
            Structural Components of Peace Agreements
              »  Structural Components of Peace Agreements
              »  Ceasefire
              »  Addressing Injustice
              »  Self-determination Procedures
              »  Social Structural Change
              »  Security Guarantees
              »  Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-combatants
              »  Reconstruction
              »  Compensation and Reparations
            Procedural Components of Peace Agreements
              »  Procedural Components of Peace Agreements
              »  Designing New Dispute Resolution Systems
              »  Grassroots Process Design
              »  Monitoring of Agreements
              »  Enforcement Mechanisms
What Are Intractable Conflicts?
Nature of Intractability
Characteristics of Intractable Conflicts
Conflicts and Disputes
Interests, Positions, Needs and Values
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA)
Ripeness
Settlement, Resolution, Management, or Transformation
Tolerance
Coexistence
Legitimacy
Security
Stable Peace
Principles of Justice and Fairness
Types of Justice
Restorative Justice
Retributive Justice
Procedural Justice
Distributive Justice
International Law
Rule of Law
Jus Ad Bellum
Jus in Bello
Rights
Sovereignty
Causes of Disputes and Conflicts
Identity Issues
Effects of Colonization
Nationalism
Religion and Conflict
Scapegoating
Oppression and Conflict: Introduction
The Nature and Origins of Oppression
Forms of Oppression
Maintaining Oppression
Overcoming Oppression: Awakening the Sense of Injustice
Overcoming Oppression Through Persuasion
Overcoming Oppression with Power
High-stakes Distributional Issues
Rich / Poor Conflicts
Social Status
Globalization
Moral or Value Conflicts
Unmet Human Needs
Justice Conflicts
Human Rights Violations
Effects of Colonization
Small Arms Trade
Costs and Benefits of Intractable Conflict
Costs of Intractable Conflict
Damaged or Destroyed Relationships
Decision Making Delay
Violence--overview
Interpersonal Conflict and Violence
War
Terrorism
Suicide Bombers
War Crimes
Genocide
Refugees
Victimhood
Humiliation
Benefits of Conflict
Factors Shaping the Course of Intractable Conflict
Conflict Stages
Latent Conflict Stage
Conflict Emergence Stage
Escalation and Institutionalization Stages
Failed Peacemaking Efforts Stage
Hurting Stalemate Stage
De-escalation Stage
Negotiation Stage
Settlement Stage
Peacebuilding and Reconciliation Stage
Social Psychological Dimensions of Conflict
Psychological Dynamics
Limits of Rationality
Ethos of Conflict
Siege Mentality
Delegitimization
Dehumanization
Victimhood
Cognitive Dissonance
Game Theory
Frames, Framing, and Reframing
Interests, Rights, Power and Needs Frames
Cultural and Worldview Frames
Process Frames
Competitive and Cooperative Approaches to Conflict
Identity Frames
Stereotypes / Characterization Frames
Enemy Images
Prejudice
Into-the-sea Framing
Fact Frames
Worst-case / Loss-oriented Frames
Reframing
Emotions
Anger
Fear
Distrust
Guilt and Shame
Humiliation
Face
Escalation and Related Processes
Destructive Escalation
Constructive Escalation
Polarization
Entrapment
Limiting Escalation / De-escalation
Complexity
Complex Adaptive Systems
Parties to Intractable Conflict
Disputants
Leaders and Leadership
Stakeholder Representatives
Intermediaries
Formal Intermediaries
Informal Intermediaries
Bystanders
Within-party Differences
Moderates
Conflict Profiteers
Extremists or Spoilers
Dealing with Extremists
Humanization of Extremists
Mediating Evil, War, and Terrorism: the Politics of Conflict
External Supporters
Third Siders
Bridge Builders
Facilitators
Mediators
Arbitrators
Educators
Witnesses
Peacekeepers
Healers
Equalizers
Referees
Providers
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
Development and Conflict
Development and Conflict Theory
Development Interventions and Conflict
Development and Conflict in Practice: People Interviewed
Development, Poverty and Conflict
Development, Education and Conflict
Development, Gender and Conflict
Development, Health and Conflict
Development, the Environment and Conflict
Global Partnerships and Development
Power
Coercive Power
Aggression
Revenge and the Backlash Effect
Sanctions
Nonviolence and Nonviolent Direct Action
Exchange Power
Incentives
Integrative Power
Persuasion
Nonviolence and Nonviolent Direct Action
Power Inequities
Empowerment
Voice
Capacity Building
Networking
Coalition Building
Activism
Social Movements
Culture and Conflict
Culture-based Negotiation Styles
Rituals and Conflict Transformation
Cross-cultural Communication
Communication Tools for Understanding Cultural Differences
Mediation and Multiculturalism
Special Affinities and Conflict Resolution: West African Social Institutions and Mediation
Cultural and Worldview Frames
Women and Intractable Conflict
Damaged or Destroyed Relationships
Identity Issues
Face
Establishment of Personal Relationships
Networking
Cooling off Periods
De-escalating Gestures
Confidence-building Measures
Managing Interpersonal Trust and Distrust
Trust and Trust Building
Respect
Conflict Transformation
Reconciliation
Apology and Forgiveness
Interpersonal / Small-scale Communication
Channels of Communication
Misunderstandings
Creating Safe Spaces for Communication
Dialogue
Narratives and Story-telling
Conversation as a Tool of Conflict Transformation
Empathic Listening
I-messages and You-messages
Escalation-limiting Language
Communication Tools for Understanding Cultural Differences
Cross-cultural Communication
Metaphors
Rumor Control
Large-scale Communication
Mass Media
Media Strategies
Political Communication
Public Diplomacy
Propaganda
Theories of Knowledge
Factual Disputes
Technical Facts
Historical Facts
Legal Facts
Land and Property Rights in the Peace Process
Fact-finding
Distinguishing Facts from Values
Uncertainty
Obtaining Trustworthy Information
Neutral Fact-finding
Joint Fact-finding
Oversight / Review Committee
Truth Commissions
Amnesty
International War Crimes Tribunals
Communicating Facts
Countering Intractability
Theories of Change
Peaceful Change Strategies
Intervention Processes
Addressing Underlying Causes of Conflict
Managing Interpersonal Trust and Distrust
Intervention Coordination
Meta-conflict Resolution
The Scale-up Problem
Incrementalism
Conflict Assessment
Conflict Mapping
Early Warning
Envisioning
Setting Goals
Evaluation and Assessment of Interventions
Evaluation as a Tool for Reflection
Formative Evaluation
Action Evaluation
Negotiation
Negotiation Theory
Win-win / Win-lose / Lose-lose Situations
Positive-sum / Zero-sum / Negative-sum Situations
Interests
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA)
Ripeness
Compromise
Limits of Rationality
Negotiation Strategies
Integrative or Interest-based Bargaining
Distributive Bargaining
Positional Bargaining
Creating and Claiming Value
Culture-based Negotiation Styles
Single-text Negotiation
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
Facilitation
Mediation
The Culture of Mediation: Settlement Vs. Resolution
Problem-solving Mediation
Transformative Mediation
Neutrality
Insider-partial Mediation
International Mediation and Intractable Conflict
Mediation and Multiculturalism
Special Affinities and Conflict Resolution: West African Social Institutions and Mediation
Mediating Evil, War, and Terrorism: the Politics of Conflict
Mediators Without Borders: a Proposal to Resolve Political Conflicts
Convening Processes
Ripeness-promoting Strategies
Ground Rules
Sequencing Strategies and Tactics
Reframing
Option Identification
Focusing on Commonalities
Caucus
Reality Testing
Consensus Building
Costing
Policy Dialogue
Shuttle Diplomacy
Action-forcing Mechanisms
Trust in Mediation
Codes of Conduct for Intervenors
Arbitration
Adjudication
Hybrid Processes
Grievance Procedures
Peace Processes
Preventive Diplomacy and International Violence Prevention
Peace Education
International Regimes
Globalization
Mobilization Slowing
Military Force Restructuring
Arms Control and Non-proliferation
Disarmament
Human Rights Protection
Protective Accompaniment
Safe Havens
Buffer Zones
Arms Embargo
Preventing Interpersonal Violence
Peacemaking
Diplomacy
Track I Diplomacy
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
Track II (Citizen) Diplomacy
Problem-solving Workshops
Track I - Track II Cooperation
Multi-track Diplomacy
Military Intervention
Peace Agreements
Peacekeeping
Peacebuilding
Levels of Action
Elites