Millennium Goal 7 - Ensure Environmental Sustainability
The nature of environmental conflicts in developing nations differs considerably from those in industrialized nations. In the latter, development has already occurred and most environmental conflicts are over how to minimize further resource destruction and how resources can be most efficiently used. But in the former, economic, social and political structures have not yet been widely affected by environmental changes brought about by industrialization. Therefore, what is at stake in developing countries is not only the use of environmental resources, but also the very process of development, and if state, civil society and the market can act cooperatively to create development while protecting the environment.
What one should consider when dealing with environmental conflicts in developing countries, is the fact that many of these countries have different situations within one territory. In Brazil, one can find urban, industrial areas with typical western-style environmental problems. But, in the same country, there are also regions with mixed development standards and areas inhabited by Amerindians, some of which still live in the Neolithic period. While the society in the industrialized southeast of Brazil has the same access to information as North Americans, within the Amazon forest one can find tribes, such as the Yanomami, whose members do not use numbers higher than three, do not have a written language and do not wear clothes.
Therefore, two main issues should be recognized when considering environmental conflicts. One, is that there should not be just one way of dealing with environmental conflicts in developing countries because local differences matter. The other, is that given the vastly different identities which exist in one country, the Western development model is not always appropriate. Nevertheless, market agents and donors financially supporting environmental organizations often do not understand this. As stated by Howell and Pearce (2001), development donors "usually overlook both local initiatives formed along ethnic, kin or clan principles that may play a role in achieving social justice and equality, and the fact that apparently modern organizations may be impregnated with primordial and clientelistic relations."
Western Models
Western development models have created institutional frameworks for negotiating environmental conflicts so they do not interfere with production or international trade. However, the legitimacy of this institutional framework has to be examined. As stated by Maria Dalce, "the great majority of the decision making processes taking place in the COPAM (the Brazilian regional environmental protection council) are controlled by the representatives of private companies". In such negotiations, the needs of local people are often overlooked.
This occurs because in developing countries, environmental problems are influenced by other issues such as social and economic concerns. Typically, these interests are related to the socio-economic structure and conditions under which people live. Thus, these interests sometimes take priority over environmental concerns.
Need for Structural Change
It emerged from the interviews that problems of insufficient education and nutrition, as well as ineffective social services, are dimensions that affect both identities and conflict dynamics. These, in turn, effect environmental issues.
Power Contests
Some of these dynamics are quite similar to those experienced in industrialized nations. Power contests are still the main reason behind many environmental conflicts. Development organizations, both national and international, have implemented local development projects that try to promote dialogue among stakeholders. However, as stated by Deborah Goldemberg, head of a governmental agency that focuses on small enterprises development, those powerful entrepreneurs don't participate in the projects.
In Brazil and in other developing countries, overall recognition of the importance of the environment resulted in the institution of good legal frameworks. These, however, are not always respected. Nevertheless, they have allowed for dialogue among the state, civil society and private companies, which has helped to change the prevailing image that NGOs were environmentally "good," while private companies were environmentally "bad."
Negotiation
Nevertheless, some conflicts between companies and civil organizations still persist. The NGO, AMDA has reported that in its dialogue and negotiation processes with Vale do Rio Doce, the main Brazilian mining company, the frequent change of the company's personnel made it difficult for them to develop a continued and stable relationship. Moreover, the non- existence of an environmental management system within Vale do Rio Doce aggravated this problem.
While this is a common strategy of companies to avoid negotiation, in this case it was interpreted by AMDA as pure lack of concern and bureaucratic chaos inside the company. So, in developing countries, it is still possible to find situations in which conflict emerges not because there is manipulation of interests, but just as a consequence of pure administrative chaos. And this may happen even inside in large companies operating in international markets.
Slowness and Complexity of Public Processes
When conflict emerges, other difficulties also take place. Public bureaucracy is probably one of the main sources of conflict in developing countries. The lack of efficient, transparent and accountable public administration makes it very difficult to negotiate with state governments. Frequently, this is because of corruption. To reduce such difficulties, state governmental structures must be reformed to reduce corruption and better meet the needs of local communities.
Interviewees such as representatives of the BAMCRUS project, AMDA, and the DLIS Forum have all declared that state failure constrains not only the implementation of their programs, but also the resolution of conflicts concerning environmental sustainability. As Maria Dalce from AMDA has stated:
What is needed is a deregulation that is probably going to create more space for these conflicts to be better negotiated, with more time. Mainly because if you are a counselor in the COPAM nowadays, you have to work with lots of papers and documents [...]and a lot of things could be simplified for you to have space there to negotiate more difficult conflicts.
Thus environmental conflict resolution in developing countries is more challenging than it is in industrialized countries. Many more issues are tied up in the environmental concerns. One cannot just address the environmental issues in isolation. One must address them within the greater social, political, and economic structural framework and one must consider the vast diversity present in all of these dimensions.
Use the following to cite this article:
Barbanti, Jr., Olympio . "Development, the Environment and Conflict." Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: August 2004 <http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/development_environment_conflict/>.
Sources of Additional, In-depth Information on this Topic
Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Online (Web) Sources
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Available at: Click here for more info.
This page offers access to all sections and chapters of Agenda 21. Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment. Agenda 21 and other key global agreements were adopted by more than 178 Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992.
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The World Bank Millenium Development Goals Site.
Available at: http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/GMIS/home.do?siteId=2.
This site is a comprehensive gateway to a broad array of information about the Millenium Development Goals outlined by the United Nations in the Millenium Declaration in September 2000. The goals revolve around the following areas of concern: poverty, education, gender equality, child mortality, maternal health, HIV/AIDS and other diseases, environment, and global partnership. The site includes sections on all major world regions of concern.
World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.
Available at: Click here for more info.
This page offers access to all chapters of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, which reaffirms the United Nations' committment to the principles outlined in 1992's Rio declaration, as they are stated in Agenda 21. The Plan of Implementation also affirms the United Nations' committment to the internationally agreed upon development goals, including those laid out in United Nations Millennium Declaration. The plan includes eleven chapters outlining the various aspects of sustainable development to be undertaken.
EDC News - Environment & Development Challenges.
Available at: http://www.edcnews.se/.
Edited by Leif Ohlsson, EDC News is dedicated to disseminate and discuss research and case studies on environment & development challenges, covering news and reports on population dynamics, access to natural resources and livelihoods, and their impact on poverty alleviation, economic growth, and health. Particular attention is paid to human rights and gendered aspects of these issues, and the policy challenges posed by risks of conflict and humanitarian disasters. EDC News consists of a resource base of material continually added to on this web site; an electronic newsletter which summarizes this material six times a year; and a corresponding free e-mail newsletter with short prompters pointing subscribers to the lates issue of EDC News on the web.
Millennium Development Goals: Ensure Environment Sustainability. The World Bank Group.
Available at: Click here for more info.
Managing and protecting the environment thus contribute to reaching the other Millennium Development Goals. This website discusses this.
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This website outlines the steps and goals to protect the environment as put forth by in the Millennium Development Goals.
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"Conserving the Peace is a collection of case studies illustrating the relationships among security, the environment and human well-being. Collectively, the studies make the case that conservation activities can motivate peace-building, thereby creating a stable future for all." -From Publisher Click here for more info.
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This book "analyzes the evolution of the concept of 'sustainable development', and assesses how this can be applied in the real world. William Adams questions the established understanding of the problems of environment and development, stressing the inadequacy of a narrow view of environmental impacts and a limited response based on traditional conservation measures. He bridges the gap between environmentalism and development studies and argues that the central focus of 'green development' should be on the needs of the poor, and their capacity for control, power, and self-determination." -From Publisher
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Conca, Ken. "In the Name of Sustainability: Peace Studies and Environmental Discourse." Peace and Change 19:2, April 1, 1994.
Environmental problems have emerged as a major analytic theme in peace studies. Peace scholars are increasingly inclined to apply and extend concepts such as sustainable development, global change, and ecological security...this article considers the concepts of global change and ecological security.
Thomas, Alan and Tim Allen, eds. Poverty and Development: Into the 21st Century, Revised Edition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, October 2000.
This is an extensive collection of essays on various aspects of international development. It includes chapters on everything from poverty, to environmental degradation, to conflict, to democratization, and many other topics.
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Examples Illustrating this Topic:
Online (Web) Sources
Environment and Security: Transforming Risks into Cooperation: The Case of Central Asia and South Eastern Europe. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
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This report focuses on the environemtnal stress afecting security in two case regions, Central Asia and South Eastern Europe. It provides maps with an overview on major environmental risks to huan development and security, including: groundwater pollution; legacy of conflict; industrial and agricultural pollution; toxic and radioactive waste; land degradation; and depletion of natural resources. The paper examines how these problems become security concerns when they are combined with factors like high population density or urbanization, socio-economic pressures, weak governance, and tensions between communities or boundary disputes.
Douglas, Oronto and Doifie Ola. "Nigeria: Defending Nature, Protecting Human Dignity - Conflicts in the Niger Delta." , 1999
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This article profiles the problems in the Niger Delta, which revolve around globalization, governmental policies regarding resource extraction, as well as social, cultural and economic rights.
Offline (Print) Sources
Suhrke, Astri. "Environmental Change, Migration, and Conflict." In Managing Global Chaos: Sources or and Responses to International Conflict. Edited by Hampson, Fen Osler, Chester A. Crocker and Pamela Aall, eds. United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996.
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Richardson, Mervyn. The Effects of War on the Environment: Croatia. Routledge, May 1995.
This work details the effects of the war in Croatia on that region's environment, as well as on some of Croatia's industries.
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