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  The Complex Factors That Make Intractable Conflict So Difficult >
  Challenges Posed by Bad-Faith Actors Who Who Are Trying to Profit by Undermining Collaboration and Power-with Democracy >
  Types of Bad-Faith Actors
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Spoilers

BI Article
Summary of "Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes"

BI Audio/Video
Extremists / Spoilers

BI Article
Building Peace After Terrorism: From Reconciled Relationship to Structural Change
Sumner argues that counterterrorism and peacebuilding are not "separate islands," but rather go "hand-in-hand" as both involve addressing the root causes of terrorism through a conflict transformation framework.

BI Article
Structural Barriers to Agreement
Structural barriers are aspects of the external environment that limit negotiating options, sometimes so severely that there is no "zone of possible agreement (ZOPA)." Though such structural barriers are sometimes significant, the first step toward fixing them is to recognize that they exist. Once this is done, strategies can be developed to modify the social, political, or economic structures so that negotiated agreements can be reached.

BI Audio/Video
Brad Hayes Talks About Spoilers

BI Article
The Darfur Peace Process: Understanding the Obstacles to Success

BI Article
Summary of "The Effects of Violence on Peace Processes"

BI Article
A Case Study of the Minsk II Accords

Colleague Activities
Revisiting an Elusive Concept: A Review of the Debate on Spoilers in Peace Processes
This article attempts to offer greater conceptual clarity in regards to a number of issues that are the core of the spoiler debate and by presenting a conceptual framework for analyzing spoilers in future research.

Colleague Activities
Spoiling the Peace? Peace Process Exclusivity and Political Violence in North-Central Africa
This article compares three peace processes in Africa-- the negotiations to end armed struggles in Mali, the Western Sahara and Sudan-- to investigate why spoilers arise in some contexts and not others.