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Introduction:
Mediator Richard Salem describes how he de-escalated a potentially violent confrontation at the Wounded Knee take-over.
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This rough transcript provides a text alternative to audio. We apologize for occasional errors and unintelligible sections (which are marked with ???).
Preventing Violence
Richard Salem
Former CRS Mediator, Chicago Office
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[Full Interview]
We were in the radio room in Wounded Knee (which was taken over and held by a group of Native Americans in 1973) At four in the morning, someone in a bunker radioed that there was someone in
the DMZ, which was a violation of the cease fire. We wondered who would do that at four in the
morning just before the talks were going to start? Stan Holder, the AIM security chief,
threatened to have somebody shoot at the violators. I convinced him to wait until one of his
people, accompanied by our Bert Greenspan, could go out and survey the scene. What they saw
was that a jeep with a couple of BIA personnel had gone over a line to find some flat land where
they could spread a blanket and have their breakfast. That was the violation. So Burt came back
and we got that sorted out over the radio and they got the guys out of there.
Finally, at midmorning, it was time to head up to the DMZ, only everything was late. The
Indians were up late at night conferencing, negotiating, and celebrating. They went through the
sweat, a spiritual ceremony, met some more, then got up late. Now its an hour behind
schedule, and theyre trudging up the hill with the teepee, which was supposed to be set up an
hour earlier. The leaders are walking up the road with the men who
were carrying the teepee. Bert and I were walking with them. As we approached the site where
they were going to set up the teepee, about 50 yards from the federal roadblock, a helicopter
landed at the road block and out stepped Frizzell and Helstern. There were about 50 news men
and women standing around as well. Stan Holder turned to me and asked, "What the hell are
they doing here?" I told him that I didnt know why they came in before we radioed them to do
so. "Well, you get their asses out of here or there's not going to be any talks," someone else said.
So I went running up to the road block and called Frizzell away from the reporters and said, "I
thought you were going to wait until we sent you a signal." "Well," he said, "I decided this is
going to be done on white mans time not Indian time. Were going to start when we agreed to
start, not when they decide its time. I said, "I think youd better go back, because
theyre really ticked off. Were you aware that last night there was an incident last night, that
two of your men went over the line and stirred things up? We almost had a shooting incident.
"Nobody told me that," he said. "Well, people were up all night," I told him. "You dont know
what they went through." "All right, well go back, but were coming back in an hour and
theyd better be ready." So I ran back down the hill. "Stan, it was a mistake. Im sorry, I must
have screwed up on the timing. Theyre going back. Theyll be back in an hour." So they
proceeded to set up the teepee.
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