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A version of this list with descriptions is available, as is an alphabetical list of all essays.

Understanding Conflict
 Core Concepts
 Intractable Conflicts Defined
 What are Intractable Conflicts?
 Nature of Intractability
 Characteristics of Intractable Conflicts
 Conflicts and Disputes
 Alternative Goals
 Interests, Positions, Needs and Values
 Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
 Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA)
 Ripeness
 Settlement, Resolution, Management, or Transformation
 Tolerance
 Coexistence
 Legitimacy
 Security
 Stable Peace
 Justice
 Principles of Justice and Fairness
 Types of Justice
 Restorative Justice
 Retributive Justice
 Procedural Justice
 Distributive Justice
 International Law
 International Law
 Rule of Law
 Jus ad Bellum
 Jus in Bello
 Rights
 Sovereignty
 Causes
 Underlying Causes of Intractable Conflict
 Identity Issues
 Identity Issues
 Post-Colonialism (The Aftermath of Colonization)
 Nationalism
 Religion and Conflict
 Scapegoating
 Oppression and Conflict
 Oppression and Conflict: Introduction
 The Nature and Origins of Oppression
 Forms of Oppression
 Maintaining Oppression
 Overcoming Oppression: Awakening the Sense of Injustice
 Overcoming Oppression through Persuasion
 Overcoming Oppression with Power
 High-Stakes Distributional Issues
 High-Stakes Distributional Issues
 Rich / Poor Conflicts
 Social Status
 Globalization
 Moral or Value Conflicts
 Unmet Human Needs
 Justice Conflicts
 Human Rights Violations
 Effects of Colonization
 Small Arms Trade
 Costs & Benefits
 Costs and Benefits of Intractable Conflict
 Costs of Conflict
 Costs of Intractable Conflict
 Damaged or Destroyed Relationships
 Decision Making Delay
 Violence--Overview
 Interpersonal Conflict and Violence
 War
 Terrorism
 Suicide Bombers
 War Crimes
 Genocide
 Refugees
 Victimhood
 Humiliation
 Benefits of Conflict
 Dynamics
 Factors Shaping the Course of Intractable Conflict
 Conflict Stages
 Conflict Stages
 Latent Conflict Stage
 Conflict Emergence Stage
 Escalation and Institutionalization Stages
 Failed Peacemaking Efforts Stage
 Hurting Stalemate Stage
 De-escalation Stage
 Negotiation Stage
 Settlement Stage
 Peacebuilding and Reconciliation Stage
 Social Psychological Dynamics of Conflict
 Social Psychological Dimensions of Conflict
 Psychological Dynamics
 Psychological Dynamics
 Limits of Rationality
 Ethos of Conflict
 Siege Mentality
 Delegitimization
 Dehumanization
 Victimhood
 Cognitive Dissonance
 Game Theory
 Frames, Framing, and Reframing
 Frames, Framing, and Reframing
 Interests, Rights, Power and Needs Frames
 Cultural and Worldview Frames
 Process Frames
 Competitive and Cooperative Approaches to Conflict
 Identity Frames
 Stereotypes / Characterization Frames
 Enemy Images
 Prejudice
 Into-the-Sea Framing
 Fact Frames
 Worst-Case / Loss-Oriented Frames
 Reframing
 Emotions
 Emotions
 Anger
 Fear
 Distrust
 Guilt and Shame
 Humiliation
 Face
 Escalation/De-Escalation
 Escalation and Related Processes
 Destructive Escalation
 Constructive Escalation
 Polarization
 Entrapment
 Limiting Escalation / De-escalation
 Complexity
 Complexity
 Complex Adaptive Systems
 People
 Parties to Intractable Conflict
 People Involved (Parties)
 Disputants
 Leaders and Leadership
 Stakeholder Representatives
 Intermediaries
 Intermediaries
 Formal Intermediaries
 Informal Intermediaries
 Bystanders
 Within-Party Differences
 Within-Party Differences
 Moderates
 Conflict Profiteers
 Extremists and Spoilers
 Extremists or Spoilers
 Dealing with Extremists
 Humanization of Extremists
 Mediating Evil, War, and Terrorism: The Politics of Conflict
 External Supporters
 Third Siders
 Third Siders
 Bridge Builders
 Facilitators
 Mediators
 Arbitrators
 Educators
 Witnesses
 Peacekeepers
 Healers
 Equalizers
 Referees
 Providers
 Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
 Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
 Development and Conflict
 Development and Conflict
 Development and Conflict Theory
 Development Interventions and Conflict
 Development and Conflict In Practice: People Interviewed
 Development, Poverty and Conflict
 Development, Education and Conflict
 Development, Gender and Conflict
 Development, Health and Conflict
 Development, the Environment and Conflict
 Global Partnerships and Development
 Power
 Power
 Coercive Power
 Coercive Power
 Aggression
 Revenge and the Backlash Effect
 Sanctions
 Nonviolence and Nonviolent Direct Action
 Exchange Power
 Exchange Power
 Incentives
 Integrative Power
 Integrative Power
 Persuasion
 Nonviolence and Nonviolent Direct Action
 Power Inequities
 Empowerment
 Voice
 Capacity Building
 Networking
 Coalition Building
 Activism
 Social Movements
 Culture and Conflict
 Culture and Conflict
 Culture-Based Negotiation Styles
 Rituals and Conflict Transformation
 Cross-Cultural Communication
 Communication Tools for Understanding Cultural Differences
 Mediation and Multiculturalism
 Special Affinities and Conflict Resolution: West African Social Institutions and Mediation
 Cultural and Worldview Frames
 Women and Intractable Conflict
 Relationships
 Relationship Problems
 Relationships Damaged / Destroyed
 Identity Issues
 Face
 Improving Relationships
 Establishment of Personal Relationships
 Networking
 Cooling Off Periods
 De-escalating Gestures
 Confidence-Building Measures
 Managing Interpersonal Trust and Distrust
 Trust and Trust Building
 Respect
 Conflict Transformation
 Conflict Transformation
 Reconciliation
 Apology and Forgiveness
 Communication
 Interpersonal / Small-Scale Communication
 Channels of Communication
 Misunderstandings
 Creating Safe Spaces for Communication
 Dialogue
 Narratives and Story-Telling
 Conversation as a Tool of Conflict Transformation
 Empathic Listening
 I-Messages and You-Messages
 Escalation-Limiting Language
 Communication Tools for Understanding Cultural Differences
 Cross-Cultural Communication
 Metaphors
 Rumor Control
 Media
 Large-Scale Communication
 Mass Media
 Media Strategies
 Political Communication
 Public Diplomacy
 Propaganda
 Facts
 Theories of Knowledge
 Factual Disputes
 Factual Disputes
 Technical Facts
 Historical Facts
 Legal Facts
 Land and Property Rights in the Peace Process
 Fact Finding
 Fact-Finding
 Distinguishing Facts from Values
 Uncertainty
 Obtaining Trustworthy Information
 Neutral Fact-Finding
 Joint Fact-Finding
 Oversight / Review Committee
 Truth Commissions
 Amnesty
 International War Crimes Tribunals
 Communicating Facts
Intervention Processes and Outcomes
 Options and Strategies
 Countering Intractability
 Theories of Change
 Peaceful Change Strategies
 Intervention Processes
 Addressing Underlying Causes of Conflict
 Managing Interpersonal Trust and Distrust
 Intervention Coordination
 Meta-Conflict Resolution
 The Scale-Up Problem
 Incrementalism
 Assessment and Evaluation
 Conflict Assessment
 Conflict Mapping
 Early Warning
 Envisioning
 Setting Goals
 Evaluation and Assessment of Interventions
 Evaluation as a Tool for Reflection
 Formative Evaluation
 Action Evaluation
 Negotiation
 Negotiation
 Negotiation Theory
 Negotiation Theory
 Win-Win / Win-Lose / Lose-Lose Situations
 Positive-Sum / Zero-Sum / Negative-Sum Situations
 Interests
 Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA)
 Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA)
 Ripeness
 Compromise
 Limits of Rationality
 Negotiation Strategies
 Negotiation Strategies
 Integrative or Interest-Based Bargaining
 Distributive Bargaining
 Positional Bargaining
 Creating and Claiming Value
 Culture-Based Negotiation Styles
 Single-Text Negotiation
 Mediation and Facilitation
 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
 Facilitation
 Mediation
 Mediation
 The Culture of Mediation: Settlement Vs. Resolution
 Problem-Solving Mediation
 Transformative Mediation
 Neutrality
 Insider-Partial Mediation
 International Mediation and Intractable Conflict
 Mediation and Multiculturalism
 Special Affinities and Conflict Resolution: West African Social Institutions and Mediation
 Mediating Evil, War, and Terrorism: The Politics of Conflict
 Mediation Strategies and Techniques
 Mediators Without Borders: A Proposal to Resolve Political Conflicts
 Convening Processes
 Ripeness-Promoting Strategies
 Ground Rules
 Sequencing Strategies and Tactics
 Reframing
 Option Identification
 Focusing on Commonalities
 Caucus
 Reality Testing
 Consensus Building
 Costing
 Policy Dialogue
 Shuttle Diplomacy
 Action-Forcing Mechanisms
 Trust in Mediation
 Codes of Conduct for Intervenors
 Arbitration and Adjudication
 Arbitration
 Adjudication
 Hybrid Processes
 Grievance Procedures
 Peace Processes
 Peace Processes
 Preventive Diplomacy and International Violence Prevention
 Preventive Diplomacy and International Violence Prevention
 Peace Education
 International Regimes
 Globalization
 Mobilization Slowing
 Military Force Restructuring
 Arms Control and Non-Proliferation
 Disarmament
 Human Rights Protection
 Protective Accompaniment
 Safe Havens
 Buffer Zones
 Arms Embargo
 Preventing Interpersonal Violence
 Peacemaking
 Peacemaking
 Diplomacy
 Track I Diplomacy
 Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)
 Track II (Citizen) Diplomacy
 Problem-Solving Workshops
 Track I - Track II Cooperation
 Multi-Track Diplomacy
 Military Intervention
 Peace Agreements
 Peacekeeping
 Peacekeeping
 Peacebuilding
 Peacebuilding
 Levels of Action
 Levels of Action
 Elites
 Midlevel Actors
 Grassroots Actors
 The Scale-Up Problem
 Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
 Religion and Peace
 Conflict Transformation
 The Transformation of Labor-Management Conflicts
 Recognition
 Humanitarian Aid and Development Assistance
 Important Skills for Humanitarian Professionals Working in a Contemporary Conflict Environment
 Stabilization and the Problem of Insurgency
 Trauma Healing
 Envisioning
 Joint Projects
 Drama in Conflict Resolution
 Apology and Forgiveness
 Respect
 Humanization
 Humanizing Extremists
 Reconciliation
 Nation Building
 Nation Building
 Democratization
 Democracy and Conflict Management
 Elections
 Election Monitoring
 Civil Society
 Civic Education
 Public Participation
 Challenges and Strategies for Democratic Participation
 Transitional Justice
 Truth Commissions
 International War Crimes Tribunals
 Lustration
 Power Sharing
 Land and Property Rights in the Peace Process
 Training as Intervention
 Conflict Transformation Training as Intervention
 Elicitive Training
 Outcomes of Intervention
 Settlement, Resolution, Management, or Transformation
 The Culture of Mediation: Settlement Vs. Resolution
 Conflict Transformation
 Ceasefire
 Tolerance
 Coexistence
 Stable Peace
 Peace Agreements
 Peace Agreements
 Structural Components of Peace Agreements
 Structural Components of Peace Agreements
 Ceasefire
 Addressing Injustice
 Self-Determination Procedures
 Social Structural Change
 Security Guarantees
 Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants
 Reconstruction
 Compensation and Reparations
 Procedural Components of Peace Agreements
 Procedural Components of Peace Agreements
 Designing New Dispute Resolution Systems
 Grassroots Process Design
 Monitoring of Agreements
 Enforcement Mechanisms
 
Peace is an environment where conflicts are resolved without violence, where people are free, not exploited, living so they can grow to their full potential. -- Gerard Vanderhaar
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Organizations Making Noteworthy Contributions to Efforts to Promote More Constructive Conflict
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Nobel Peace Prize Winners

International Committee of the Red Cross
International Committee of the Red Cross
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